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H2O
R1 R2 R1 O R2
+ – + – + –
H3 N C COO + H3 N C COO H3 N C C NH C COO
H H H H
Energy Source
ADP + Pi ATP
• Heme
• Nucleotides
• Amines
• Nucleotide
Coenzymes
• Glutathione
Precursors
(a-ketoacids)
Pyruvate
Glucose
Amino Acids Oxaloacetate Fatty Acids
Ketone Bodies
-Ketoglutarate
Classification
(Mammals)
O
R C COO–
Nitrogen-containing compounds
-keto acid
R
+
H 3N C COO– Glutamate
H Fumarate O
KG
OAA C
Aminotransferases Aspartate H2 N NH2
(Transaminases) aKG Urea
Cycle Urea
Aminotransferases
(Transaminases)
FADH2 + O2 FAD + H2 O2
Transamination
(Reactions)
NAD(P) + NAD(P)H + H +
H2C COO –
H2C COO – H2O NH 4+
H2C COO –
CH 2 CH 2
CH 2
+ – –
H3N C COO H2N C COO
O C COO –
H
Proteins
Fats
Carbohy drates
(Nutrients)
ADP
ATP
Catabolism Anabolism
NADP+
(Oxidation) (Biosy nthesis)
NADPH
Intermediates
Waste
(CO2/Urea/etc.)
Nitrogen Waste Products
N
N
O
O
O N N
C
NH 3 H2N NH 2 H
Ammonia Urea Uric Acid
(Vertebrates) (Birds and Reptiles)
H2C COO – O
+ HC COO –
NH 3 + HCO 3– + H3N C COO –
C +
H2N NH 2 –OOC CH
H
Aspartate Urea Fumarate
Glutamate Dehydrogenase
(Generation of NH3)
Glutamate + NAD(P) +
+ H2O -Ketoglutarate + NH 3 + NAD(P)H + H +
Carbamyl Phosphate Synthetase
(CPS)
(Mitochondrion)
2ATP 2ADP + Pi
O
NH3 + HCO3 – H 2N C OP
Carbamyl Phosphate
Carbamyl Phosphate Synthetase
(CPS)
• CPSI (Mitochondria)
– Uses NH3
– Urea Cycle
• CPSII (Cytosol)
– Uses Glutamine
– Pyrimidine Biosynthesis
Ornithine Transcarbamylase
(OTC)
(Mitochondrion)
O NH 2
C
NH 3+ NH
Pi
O (CH 2)3 (CH 2)3
H2N C OP + +H N C COO – +H N C COO –
3 3
H H
Carbamoyl P
Ornithine Citrulline
Glutamate + NAD +
+ H2O -Ketoglutarate + NH 3 + NADH + H +
Regeneration of Aspartate
(Cytosol)
NAD+ NADH + H +
Fumarate Malate Oxaloacetate Aspartate
Fumarase Malate Glu-Asp
Dehydrogenase Aminotransferase
Oxidation of 2 NADH Yields 6 ATP
Activator
H2C COO –
O CH 2
H3C C N C COO –
H H
N-Acetylglutamate
Products of Amino Acid Breakdown
• Glucogenic • Ketogenic
– Pyruvate – Acetyl-CoA
– -Ketoglutarate – Acetoacetate
– Succinyl-CoA
– Fumarate
– Oxaloacetate
Degradation of
amino acids to
one of seven
common
metabolic
intermediates.
Page 995
Animals cannot carryout net synthesis
of precursors of gluconeogenesis from
acetyl-CoA or acetoacetate
Conversion of Pyruvate and
Oxaloacetate to PEP
(Gluconeogenesis)
ATP ADP + P i
O COOH
H 3C C COOH + HCO 3– CH2
(CO 2) Pyruvate O C COOH
Pyruvate Carboxylase
Oxaloacetate