TECHNIQUES OF

SEPARATION
DISTILLATION
CREATED BY LAKSHAY 9D
WHAT IS DISTILLATION?

• Distillation is the process of separating the components or substances from

a liquid mixture by using selective boiling and condensation. Distillation may
result in essentially complete separation, or it may be a partial separation
that increases the concentration of selected components in the mixture
• In 1975 Paolo Rovesti (1902–1983) a chemist and pharmacist who
became known as ''father of Phytocosmetics'' discovered a terracota
distillation apparatus in the Indus valley in West Pakistan which dates
from around 3000 BC
TYPES OF DISTILLATION
WHAT IS SIMPLE DISTILLATION AND FOR WHAT IT IS
USED
1. Simple distillation involves refining a liquid through the process
of separation
2. The most common purpose for simple distillation is to purify drinking
water of unwanted chemicals and minerals such as salt. There are a
variety of machines that distill liquids for the purpose of purification
or alteration. Distillation is a necessary step in creating many
products and offers an additional method for water purification.
HOW IS SIMPLE DISTILLATION IS DONE

• Simple distillation (the procedure outlined below) can be used effectively to separate
liquids that have at least fifty degrees difference in their boiling points. As the liquid
being distilled is heated, the vapors that form will be richest in the component of the
mixture that boils at the lowest temperature. Purified compounds will boil, and thus
turn into vapors, over a relatively small temperature range (2 or 3°C); by carefully
watching the temperature in the distillation flask, it is possible to affect a reasonably
good separation. As distillation progresses, the concentration of the lowest boiling
component will steadily decrease. Eventually the temperature within the apparatus will
begin to change; a pure compound is no longer being distilled. The temperature will
continue to increase until the boiling point of the next-lowest-boiling compound is
approached. When the temperature again stabilizes, another pure fraction of the
distillate can be collected. This fraction of distillate will be primarily the compound that
boils at the second lowest temperature. This process can be repeated until all the
fractions of the original mixture have been separated.
EG FOR SIMPLE DISTILLATION

• Water and salt

• Ethan and water
• Ink and water
• Water and sugar
WHAT IS FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION

• Fractional distillation in a laboratory makes use of

common laboratory glassware and apparatuses, typically
including a Bunsen burner, a round-bottomed flask and
a condenser, as well as the single-purpose fractionating column.
METHOD TO DO FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION

: This method is used to separate the mixture of two miscible liquids

where difference between their boiling points is less than 25 ºC. Also
to separate a mixture of two or more miscible liquids for which the
difference in boiling points is less than 25 K, fractional distillation
process is used, for example, for the separation of different gases from
air, different factions from petroleum products etc. The apparatus is
similar to that for simple distillation, except that a fractionating
column is fitted in between the distillation flask and the condenser. A
simple fractionating column is a tube packed with glass beads. The
beads provide surface for the vapours to cool and condense repeatedly,
as shown in following figure.
EG FOR FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION

Fractional distillation for crude oil

Fractional distillation for ethanol

DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN FRACTIONAL AND SIMPLE
DISTILLATION
SIMPLE DISTILLATION
• When the boiling points of the two liquids in the mixture are
• The apparatus for a simple distillation is a sealed system,
which means nothing is open to the air, and consists of a
heat source, a still pot containing the liquid to be distilled, an
air- or water-cooled condensing line, and a vessel for the
distillate. The mixture is heated and the liquid with the lower
boiling point is vaporized and then condensed and drips into
the final vessel. The simple distillation process works best
for liquids with very different boiling points.
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
close, generally a difference of less than 40 degrees Celsius
(104 degrees Fahrenheit), fractional distillation is more
efficient. Fractional distillation completes several simple
distillations in one apparatus. In fractional distillation the
mixture is boiled in a fractionating column, a long tube that
allows the liquid to vaporize and condense several times as
it hits cooler air every time it makes its way further up the
column. Fractionating columns are often packed with metal
wire, metal ribbon or glass beads that give extra condensing
surfaces to refine the distillation proccess
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