Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
introducing
INDUSTRIAL
ELECTRONICS
POWER ELECTRONICS
Power Electronics
• To convert, i.e to process and control the flow
of electric power by supplying voltages and
currents in a form that is optimally suited for
user loads.
• is the application of solid-state electronics to
the control and conversion of electric power.
Power Electronics System
Changeable properties in
Two types of electric power
conversion
Frequency, magnitude,
AC (Alternating Current)
number of phases
POWER ELECTRONICS (CLASSIFICATION
OF POWER CONVERTERS)
Power
output DC AC
Power
input
AC to AC converter
AC AC to DC converter (Fixed frequency : AC controller
(Rectifier) Variable frequency: Cycloconverter or
frequency converter)
DC DC to DC converter DC to AC converter
(Chopper) (Inverter)
POWER ELECTRONICS (CLASSIFICATION OF
POWER CONVERTERS)
• Some converter circuits can operate in different modes,
depending on circuit and control parameters.
• For example, some rectifier circuits can be operated as inverters
by modifying the control on the semiconductor devices. In such
cases, it is the direction of average power flow that determines
the converter classification.
POWER ELECTRONICS RELATION WITH
MULTIPLE DISCIPLINES
Systems & Signal
Control theory processing
Circuit
Simulation &
theory
computing
Electric Power
machines Electronics
electronics
• Motor drives
• Electrolysis
• Electroplating
• Induction heating
• Welding
• Arc furnaces and ovens
• Lighting
TRANSPORTATION APPLICATIONS
• High-voltage dc
transmission(HVDC)
• Custom power & power quality
control
• Supplemental energy sources :
- wind, photovoltaic,
fuel cells
• Energy storage systems
POWER SUPPLIES FOR ELECTRONIC
EQUIPMENT
• Telecommunications
• Computers
• Office equipment
computer
• Electronic instruments server
• Portable or mobile
electronics
Telecommunication
RESIDENTIAL AND HOME APPLIANCES
• Lighting
• Heating
• Air conditioning
• Refrigeration & freezers
• Cooking
• Cleaning
• Entertaining
APPLICATIONS IN SPACE TECHNOLOGY
• Nuclear reactor
control
• Power systems for
particle accelerators
• Environmental
engineering
Power Computations
• Power computations are essential in analyzing and designing
power electronics circuits.
Instantaneous Power
• The instantaneous power for any device is computed from
the voltage across it and the current in it.
Instantaneous power is generally a time-varying quantity.
Instantaneous power is:
Passive Sign Convention
• The device is absorbing power if
p(t) is positive at a specified
value of time t.
• The device is supplying power if
p(t) is negative.
Power Computations
Energy
• Energy, or work, is the integral of instantaneous power.
Observing the passive sign convention, energy absorbed by
a component in the time interval from t1 to t2 is
Solution:
• a.)
Power Computations Example
Solution:
INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
• In an industrial system, the control circuits
constantly receive and process information about
the conditions in the system.
• An electrical control circuit for controlling an
industrial system can be broken down into three
distinct sections:
a. input section
b. logic section
c. output section
• INPUT SECTION – sometimes called the
information-gathering section, consists of all the
devices which supply system information and
human operator settings to the circuits.
• Some of the common input devices are:
push-buttons,
mechanical limit switches,
pressure switches, and
photocells.
• LOGIC SECTION – sometimes called the decision-
making section, is that part of the circuit which
acts upon the information provided by the input
section.
• It makes decision based on the information
received and sends orders to the output section.
• The logic section’s circuits are usually built with:
magnetic relays,
discrete transistor circuits or
integrated transistor circuits
• OUTPUT SECTION – sometimes called the actuating
device section, consists of the devices which take
the output signals from the logic section and convert
or amplify these signals into useful form.
• The most common actuating devices are:
Motor starters and contactors,
Solenoid coils, and
Indicating lamps
TRANSISTOR AS A SWITCH
TRANSISTOR AS A SWITCH
NPN
Transistor Sandwiching a
P-type layer
between two n-
type layers.
PNP
Transistor Sandwiching a
N-type layer
between two p-
type layers.
Transistors have three terminals:
Collector
Base
Emitter
Active: Always on
Ic=BIb
Cut-Off :Ic=0
Off as a switch
• Transistors can be used as switches.1
Transistor Switch
• Transistors can either conduct or not conduct current.
X
12V
Variable
Voltage
Supply
1. Half-wave Rectifier
2. Full-wave, Bridge Type
3. Full-wave, Center-tapped transformer
Half-Wave Rectifier
• Uses one diode and converts one-half of its
AC input to pulsating DC.
Half-Wave Rectifier Formulas
VP
VRMS 0.5VP
2
Half-Wave Rectifier Formulas
• Peak-Inverse Voltage, PIV
- Maximum value of reverse voltage
PIV ≥ VP
• Ripple Frequency
frip = fin
• Effective Ripple Voltage, Vr (rms)
Vr ( rms ) VRMS
2
VDC
2
• Ripple Factor, r
Vr ( rms )
r
VDC
Full-Wave Rectifier
(Bridge Type)
2VP
VDC 0.636VP VDC 0.90Vrms ( source )
• Effective Output Voltage or RMS Voltage, VRMS
VP
VRMS 0.707VP
2
• Peak-Inverse Voltage
PIV > VP for bridge-type (Vo + 0.7)
PIV > 2VP for center-tapped transformer (2Vo+0.7)
Full Wave Rectifier Formulas
• Ripple Frequency
frip = 2fin
• Effective Ripple Voltage, Vr (rms)
Vr(rms) = 0.308Vp
• Ripple Factor, r
Vr ( rms )
r
VDC
Sample Problem
A 50 ohms load resistance is connected
across a half-wave rectifier. The input
supply voltage is 230V(rms) at 50Hz.
Determine the DC output voltage, the
effective ripple voltage and the output
ripple frequency.
Seatwork
1. If the peak ac voltage is 12V, find the ripple
voltage if the rectifier used is (a) half-wave
rectifier and (b) full-wave rectifier.
RL
V ' DC VDC
R RL
Where:
𝑉′𝐷𝐶 - voltage across the current capacitor
𝑉𝐷𝐶 - voltage across the previous capacitor
𝑅𝐿 - load resistance
R – resistance in the RC section
Example
• Calculate the dc voltage across a 1-kilo
Ohm load for an RC filter section
(R=120 Ohm ,C = 10micro Farad). The
dc voltage across the initial filter
capacitor is Vdc=60 V.
AC Operation of RC Filter Section
1
Where: XC2
2f rinC
Example
• Calculate the rms ripple voltage at the
output of an RC filter section that feeds a 1-
kOhm load when the filter input is 50 V dc
with 2.5-V rms ripple from a full-wave
rectifier and capacitor filter. The RC filter
section components are R = 100 Ohms and
C=100 microFarad.
VOLTAGE REGULATOR
Voltage Regulators
V
Line Regulation out x100%
Vin
• Line regulation can also be expressed in units of %/V. for
example, a line regulation of 0.05% means that output
voltage changes 0.05% when the input voltage
increases/decreases by one volt.
VOUT / VIN
Line Regulation x100%
VIN
Load Regulation
• Its purpose is to maintain a nearly constant
output voltage when the load varies.
VNL VFL
Load Regulation x100%
VFL
Where;
𝑉𝑁𝐿 - output voltage from no load
𝑉𝐹𝐿 - output voltage from full load
Sample Problem
A dc voltage supply provides 60V when
the output is unloaded. When
connected to a load, the output drops to
56V. Calculate the value of voltage
regulation.
Basic Regulator: Zener Diode
• A Zener Diode is a special kind of diode which
permits current to flow in the forward direction
as normal, but will also allow it to flow in the
reverse direction when the voltage is above a
certain value - the breakdown voltage known as
the Zener voltage.
Basic Regulator: Zener Diode