The Randomized Complete Block Design

(L a t i n S q u a r e )

 When the nuisance source of variability is known

and controllable,
 blocking can be used to systematically eliminate its
effect on the statistical comparisons among treatments

 Situations for which the RCBD is appropriate:

 Units of test equipment or machinery (often different in
their operating characteristics and would be a typical
bloking factor)
 Batches of raw material, people, and time (common
nuisane sources of variability in an experiment)

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 Desain penggunaan 4 merk mesin … (Is it right?)

Hari Kerja atau Operator

1 2 3 4
A B C D
Mesin yang A B C D
digunakan
(A,B,C,D) A B C D
A B C D

Tidak dapat dipisahkan antara rata-rata

produktifitas mesin dari rata-rata
produktifitas hari ataupun operator

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 Desain penggunaan 4 merk mesin … (Right design)

Hari Kerja atau Operator -> BLOK

1 2 3 4
A B C D
Mesin yang B C D A
digunakan
(A,B,C,D) C D A B
D A B C

Randomisasi secara lengkap dilakukan dalam BLOK

yang sama, sehingga rata-rata produktifitas mesin
dapat dipisahkan dari rata-rata produktifitas hari
ataupun operator

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 The Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD)

Block 1 Block 2 Block 3 Block b

Y11 Y12 Y13 Y1b

Y21 Y22 Y23 Y2b
Y31 Y32 Y33
… Y3b
… … … …
Ya1 Ya2 Ya3 Yab

There is one observation per treatment (1, 2, …, a) in

each block, and the order in which the treatments are
run within each block is determined randomly.

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 The ANOVA: Structure Data and Model RCBD

Treatment Block (j) Total Average

(level i) 1 2 … b Yi. Yi.
1 Y11 Y12 … Y1n Y1. Y1.
2 Y21 Y22 … Y2n Y2. Y2.
... … … … … … …
a Ya1 Ya2 … Yan Ya. Ya.
Total Y.j Y.1 Y.2 … Y.b Y.. Y..

Statistical model for the RCBD:

yij = ij + ij, , i = 1, 2, …, a; j = 1, 2, …, b
atau
yij =  + i + j + ij

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 The ANOVA Table for a RCBD Model

Source of Sum of Mean

DF F
Variation Squares Square
Treatments SST a1 MST FT = MST / MSE
Blocks SSB b–1 MSB FB = MSB / MSE
Error SSE (a-1)(b-1) MSE
Total SSTotal N1

a b Y..2
SSTotal    Yij2 
i 1 j 1 N
1 a 2 Y..2 1 b Y..2
SST   Yi.  ; SSB   Y j2. 
b i 1 N a j 1 N
SSE  SSTotal  SST  SSB

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 Randomized Blocks …

People, Machine,
and other control-
Type of Tip Controllable Factors able factors are inthe
SAME conditions
1, 2, 3, 4 X1, X2, …, Xq

Input Process Output (Y)

Metal coupon Z1, Z2, …, Zq The hardness

testing machine

Uncontrollable Factors
We wish to determine whether or not four different tips produce
different readings on a hardness testing machine ?
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 Data from the Hardness Testing Experiment …

Test Coupon (Block)

Type of Tip
1 2 3 4
1 9.3 9.4 9.6 10.0
2 9.4 9.3 9.8 9.9
3 9.2 9.4 9.5 9.7
4 9.7 9.6 10.0 10.2

The metal coupon differ slightly in their hardness, as might

happen if they are taken from ingots that are product in
different heats, the experiment units (the coupon) will
contribute to the variabiliy observed in the hardness data.

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 Response Tips Block
9.3 1 1
9.4 2 1
9.2 3 1
9.7 4 1
9.4 1 2
9.3 2 2
9.4 3 2
9.6 4 2
9.6 1 3
9.8 2 3
9.5 3 3
10.0 4 3
10.0 1 4
9.9 2 4
9.7 3 4
10.2 4 4

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 Graphical Analysis: Box-Plot Data …

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 Graphical Analysis: Main Effect Plot …

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 ANOVA of RCBD: MINITAB output …

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