2-1 LAYERED TASKS

We use the concept of layers in our daily life. As an example, let us

consider two friends who communicate through postal mail. The
process of sending a letter to a friend would be complex if there
were no services available from the post office.

Topics discussed in this section:

Sender, Receiver, and Carrier,Hierarchy

2.1
 Figure 2.1 Tasks involved in sending a letter

2.2
 2-2 OSI MODEL

ISO is the organization.

OSI is the model.

2.3
 2-2 The OSI Model (contd..)

• Open Systems Interconnection (OSI).

• Developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).
• Model for understanding and developing computer-to-computer communication
architecture that is flexible, robust and interoperable.
• It is not a protocol.
• Developed in the 1980s.
• Divides network architecture into seven layers.
 Figure 2.2 Seven layers of the OSI model

2.5
 2-2 OSI model (contd)..

• Each layer performs a subset of the required communication

functions
• Each layer relies on the next lower layer to perform more
primitive functions
• Each layer provides services to the next higher layer
• Changes in one layer should not require changes in other
layers
• Layer 1,2,3 are the network support layer, deals with the
physical aspects of moving data from one device to another.
• Layer 5,6,7 are the user support layer, allow the
interoperability among unrelated software.
• Layer 4 ensures that what the lower layer have transmitted is
in a form that the upper layers can use.
 Figure 2.3 The interaction between layers in the OSI model

2.7
 Figure 2.4 An exchange using the OSI model

2.8
 LAYER 7 - APPLICATION LAYER

The application layer is responsible for

providing services to the user.

2.9
 LAYER 7 - APPLICATION LAYER (cont..)

Telnet
SMTP Telnet HTTP SMTP HTTP
 Layer 7 - Application Layer (cont..)

SERVICES PROVIDED BY APPLICATION LAYER ARE:

• Remote log-in or network virtual terminal
• File transfer, access and management
• Mail services
• Directory service
 Layer 6 - PRESENTATION LAYER

Design to the handle the syntax and semantic of

the information exchanged between 2 systems.

The presentation layer is responsible for translation,

compression, and encryption of message obtained from
application layer.

2.12
LAYER 6 - Presentation Layer (cont..)
 LAYER 5 - SESSION LAYER

The session layer is responsible for dialog

control and synchronization.

2.14
 LAYER 5 - SESSION LAYER (cont..)
.
 Layer 5 -Session Layer (cont..)

• Dialog control: design to establish, maintain, and synchronize the

interaction between communicating systems.
• Synchronization: it allows a process to add checkpoints or
synchronization points to a data stream.
 LAYER 4 - TRANSPORT LAYER

The transport layer is responsible for the delivery

of a message from one process to another.

2.17
LAYER 4 - TRANSPORT LAYER (cont..)

Reliable process-to-process delivery of a message

LAYER 4 - Transport Layer (cont..)
 LAYER 4 - Transport Layer (cont.)

Transport layer is responsible for

• Service point addressing
• Segmentation & reassembly
• Connection control
• Flow control
• Error control
 LAYER 3 - NETWORK LAYER

The network layer is responsible for the

delivery of individual packets from
the source host to the destination host.

2.21
 LAYER-3 NETWORK LAYER (cont..)
Source-to-Destination delivery
 Layer 3 - Network Layer (cont..)

• The network layer is responsible:

• Logical addressing: if the packet passes the network

boundary we need another addressing system to help
(source to destination) connection.
• Routing : route or switch the packet to final
destination.
 LAYER 2 - DATA LINK LAYER

The data link layer is responsible for moving

frames from one hop (node) to the next.

2.24
 LAYER 2 - DATA LINK LAYER (cont..)

The DATA LINK LAYER layer is responsible for :

• FRAMING

• PHYSICAL ADDRESSING

• FLOW CONTROL

• ERROR CONTROL

• ACCESS CONTROL
 LAYER 2 - DATA LINK LAYER (cont..)
Hop-to-Hop delivery
 LAYER 2 - DATA LINK LAYER (cont..)

2.27
 Layer 1 - Physical Layer

The physical layer is responsible for movements of

individual bits from one hop (node) to the next.

2.28
Layer 1 - Physical Layer (contd..)
 Layer 1 - Physical Layer (contd..)

• Responsible of:

• Physical characteristics of interface and media.

• Representation of bits: a stream of bit(0s,1s),
• Data rate.
• Synchronize of bits
• Line configuration
• Physical topology
• Transmission mode
Summary