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A spacecraft placed in
orbit around the earth
which carries on board
microwave receiving
and transmitting
equipment; repeater,
capable of relaying
signals from one point
on earth to other points.
Significant Milestones in
Satellite Technology
1940’s – 1950’s
- moon was the first
passive satellite used
1945
- Arthur C. Clarke
proposed message
transmissions via
satellite
Significant Milestones in
Satellite Technology
1954
- the U.S. Navy
conducted the Earth
Moon Earth
experiment
1957
- Russia launched the
SPUTNIK 1 the first
active satellite
Significant Milestones in
Satellite Technology
1958
- the U.S. launched
the “SCORE”which
rebroadcasted Pres.
Eisenhower’s
Christmas message.
Significant Milestones in
Satellite Technology
1960
NASA, Bell Labs and
Jet Propulsion Lab
launched the “Echo”;
accomplished the first
transatlantic
transmission
Significant Milestones in
Satellite Technology
1962
- AT & T launched the
TELSTAR 1 the first
duplex satellite
transmission
1963
- AT & T launched
TELSTAR 2 for
telephone, TV, fax and
data transmission
Significant Milestones in
Satellite Technology
1965
- COMSAT launched
the EARLY BIRD
which transmitted
messages to five
earth stations with 66
telephone circuits
using FDM techniques
Significant Milestones in
Satellite Technology
1966
- The National
Development
Company and POTC
established the
DOMSAT ushering
satellite technology
to the Philippines
Significant Milestones in
Satellite Technology
1967
- PHILCOMSAT;
Philippines, installed
the first earth station
at the foot of Sierra
Madre Mountains,
Mount Pinugay,
Baras, Rizal
Significant Milestones in
Satellite Technology
1970
- China launched its
first satellite
1972
- USA launched
LANDSAT 1 for
remote sensing
missions
Significant Milestones in
Satellite Technology
1974
- Western Union
launched the
WESTAR for TV and
data transmission
- Russia launched
RESURS-0 for remote
sensing mission
Significant Milestones in
Satellite Technology
1976
- Indonesia launched
its first satellite;
PALAPA A-1
1986
- France launched the
SPOT-1 for remote
sensing service
Significant Milestones in
Satellite Technology
1988
- India launched its first
satellite; INSAT-C
Syncom III
- used to broadcast the
1964 Olympic Games
from Tokyo
Satellite System
A radio repeater in
the sky consisting of:
- a transponder
- a ground based
station to control its
operations
- a user network of
earth stations that
provide the facilities
for transmission and
reception of
communication traffic
through the satellite
systems.
Satellite Link
A communications path formed between
two or more ground stations transmitting
and receiving radio communications traffic
via satellite
Satellite Link
a. Uplink
- that portion of the satellite
communications link involving the
transmission of traffic from the ground
station up to the satellite
b. Downlink
- that portion of a satellite
communications link involving the
transmission of traffic from the satellite to
earth terminal
Applications of Satellite
a. Remote sensing
Applications of Satellite
b. Weather Forecasting / Hazard Detection
Applications of Satellite
c. Agricultural Production Forecasting
Applications of Satellite
d. Intelligence / Surveillance Operations
Applications of Satellite
e. Navigation
Applications of Satellite
f. Search and Rescue
Applications of Satellite
g. Telecommunications / Telebroadcasting
Applications of Satellite
h. Interactive Education
Applications of Satellite
i. Space Research / Scientific Explorations
Advantages of Satellite
Communications
1. Wideband Capability
3. Superior Reliability
Angle of Inclination
angle formed by the Equatorial and
orbital planes.
Satellite Orbits
A satellite rotates in an orbit
that forms a plane passing
through the center of gravity
of the earth called the
geocenter.
If the angle of elevation is too small, the signals between the earth station and the
satellite have to pass through much more of the earth’s atmosphere.
c. Geostationary (GEO)
h: 36,000 km
f: 2 - 18 GHz
Delay: 250 msec
A satellite remains in orbit because of a
balance between two factors:
e=
where: e = eccentricity
b = half of major axis
a = half of minor axis
Orbital Terminology
Elliptical Orbits
(t/to)2 = (a/ao)3
Launching the Satellite
Space shuttles carry some
satellites into space
Many satellites require
minor adjustments of their
orbit before they begin to
perform their function.
Built-in rockets called
thrusters, some as small
as a propelling pencil,
make these adjustments.
Once a satellite is placed
into a stable orbit, it can
remain there for a long
time without further
adjustment.
Launching the Satellite
Rocket Motors
- Communications satellites are lifted into
orbit by space vehicles, which are
launched vertically for structural and
aerodynamic reasons. Rocket motors
provide the power for these vehicles.
Rocket motors do not depend on the
atmosphere for oxidizing or burning fuel.
They may classify as solid or liquid
propellant motors
Launching the Satellite
Solid Propellant Rockets
- Earth Station is
that portion of
satellite link which
receives, processes
and transmits
communications
between the earth
and a satellite
Components of Satellite
Systems
Components of Earth Station
IF RF
Modulator BPF Mixer BPF HPA
Base Band in FDM or
PCM/TDM
Microwave
Generator
Components of Satellite
Systems
2. Transponder Components
- microwave repeaters
carried by communication
satellites. Transponders
have the following function:
receiving, amplification,
frequency conversion and
retransmission.
Components of Satellite
Systems
Components of a Transponder
a. Input Band Limiting Device – limits total noise applied
to LNA input.
b. Input Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) – amplifies signals,
usually a tunnel diode
c. Frequency Translator – shift oscillator, which converts
highband uplink frequency to lowband downlink
frequency
d. Low-Level Power Amplifier – amplifies (TWT) RF signal
for transmission through the downlink to station
receiver.
e. Output Bandpass Filter – limits output bandwidth
Components of Satellite
Systems
Frequency
Translator
Microwave
Shift Oscillator
2 GHz
Components of Satellite
Systems
3. Downlink Components
Microwave
Generator
Frequency Allocations
- C band is the most commonly used band.
- Ku band is immune to terrestrial jamming but sensitive to
atmospheric conditions such as transient noise
- The Ka-band has the strongest signal and higher data rate
capability. It is highly directional and has a spot coverage
- X band – military
- L band
Spatial Separation
- Geosynchronous satellites share a limited space and
frequency spectrum within a given area of geostationary
orbit. Each is assigned a longitude spaced between 3 to 6
degrees in the arc approximately 22,300 miles above the
equator
Frequency Allocations
Uplink and downlink frequency bands
F = mv2/r
ORBIT TRANSVERSE VELOCITY
F = mv2/r
F = Gm1m2/r2
where v – transverse velocity
G – Universal gravitation constant
(6.67 x 10-11 N-m2/kg2)
m1 – mass of earth
(5.98 x 1024 kg)
m2 – mass of the satellite
Satellite Velocity
4 x 1011
Vs = ; m/s
6400 + hkm
Siderial Period
T = 2π (6400 + hkm)/Vs
Ex. Determine the satellite’s velocity and
sidereal period for an elevation equal to 1000
km.
Satellite System Design
Parameters
Satellite Control