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By :-
Chandra Prakash
Nihit Singh
 |

 is defined to be as the creation of an

environment which enables people to develop to their full potential
and lead productive and creative lives in accordance to their needs
and interests.
| ! " #$% on the other hand can be stated as one of the
most important tools for the . Analogous to
the HDI, scientific and technological achievements are measured
by the  #$% #!
"&'
(. It comprises of four
dimensions:
[ Creation of technology
[ Diffusion of new innovations
[ Diffusion of old innovations
[ Capacity building
 |

Science and Technology is a means of Human Development

broadly in two ways:
[ By directly enhancing the human capabilities
[ By triggering the economic growth and thereby creating
opportunities
In turn, Human Development promotes Technological
Development as the later is an expression of human potential
which is an outcome of the former.
 |

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
(Building of human capabilitiesÖ

Resources for education, employment, health etc

ECONOMIC Improvements in
Creation of DEVELOPMENT various spheres of life
knowledge like medicine,
communications,
energy and standard
Resources for of living etc
technology-development
Productivity gain and
creation of services

TECHNOLOGICAL
DEVELOPMENT

Fig. Relationship between technological and human development

 |
HIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
COUNTRIES
 
')***( 
')***(

NORWAY 0.939 0.579

SWEDEN 0.936 0.703 Countries with high HDI have
USA 0.934 0.733 High TAI in general
JAPAN 0.928 0.698
FRANCE 0.924 0.535
MEDIUM HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
COUNTRIES
 
')***( 
')***(

MEXICO 0.79 0.389

Countries with moderate HDI
CHINA 0.718 0.299 have moderate TAI in general
EGYPT 0.635 0.236
INDIA 0.571 0.201

LOW HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

COUNTRIES
 
')***( 
')***(
Countries with relatively low
GHANA 0.542 0.139 HDI have relatively low TAI in
KENYA 0.514 0.129
NEPAL 0.48 0.081 general
SUDAN 0.439 0.071

Science and Technology and Human Development are

reinforced in a ͞!+,,%+$%͟
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[ AIMS OF THE JAPAN͛S SCIENCE POLICIES

[ LEGAL MEASURES FOR TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT
[ TAX INCENTIVES FOR R&D PROGRAMS

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[ Creation of new products, processes and services through

R&D
[ Usage of new as well as old technologies in production or
consumption
[ Inculcation of skills among people for technological learning
and innovation
 
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[ Reducing dependence on foreign energy

[ Reducing dependence on foreign raw materials
[ Stimulating research in key areas of high technology
[ Cooperation among industry, government and the universities

   


!,"!,+ /+$%
 
   


Japan has very limited domestic oil reserves, amounting to 44

million barrels as of January 2010, according to àhe Oil and Gas
Journal (OGJ)

The above graph is the crystal clear indication of the dependence on

foreign energy.
 
   


#%!"+" "" /+!$+$%0

[ Economic Inefficiency due to high cost of the imported oil
[ Securing stable energy supply
[ Another way of promoting domestic renewable energy
resources
[ Construction of a sustainable economic society
[ Creation of new industries and employment
 
   


|,1! ,!"+!2!##+$%! %
[ Conventional energy (fuelÖ efficiency
[ Moving towards renewable resources
[ Atomic energy plants
 
   


!+$%'/(//! ! %
[ Automobile industries play a critical role in enhancing fuel
efficiency
[ Establishment of the Fuel-Efficient Tire Promotion Council
 
   

!$2+",23,+ ,

%"+2+,
!3!1!" !" +

+!/
+$%
|!!% #+
, !", ++,
+"! +"!

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4
 
 

  


   




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|')*56(

ASIAN COUNTRIES(23%Ö

MIDDLE EAST(31.7%Ö

WESTERN EUROPE(16%Ö

LATIN AMERICA(6.9%Ö

OTHER(22.5%Ö
 
   



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[ The nation needed strong manufacturing industries to
generate exports to pay for needed raw material imports
[ The rising global price of raw materials
[ Japan acquired the technological and economical capability to
harness the ocean raw materials
 
   



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[ Moving toward smaller high-technology
[ Exploitation of ocean Smaller High Technology
resources

Microelectromechanical
Nanotechnology
Systems

   



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&!!/
 +,+ ,

,3""

!!$ 
+!+,+ , "+$+"
+,+ ,
+,+ ,

 ,, $,
!,#
+$% ",

%"+"
%"+#+
,!,
 |!!$+,+ #!1%+,/#!$# #$%

͞The transition from labour-intensive industries to technology-

intensive industries was the most vital step in the ladder of
national development.͟
|!!$+,+ #!1%+,/#!$# #$%

2#! ##!$#- # #$!,0

With strong support from the government coupled with the
aggressiveness, Japanese electronics companies stand well-
positioned to utilize their expertise in production technology
to market the world's most advanced
! ++ ,,+, +%, and "!,% #$!,. In nearly
every key area involving "digitization" - including "!$!
 "!$, #!$#-",!%+ +"!$, and #!$#-",!%
 1$!$- Japanese firms either possess world-class
technology, or are pioneers in the field. Japanese companies
also lead in such areas as /"!,%,, /,#
+%, !" +,,! #!,7 3+!,, and ! 
"!, ,.
 
 
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[ Expansion of fund supply to universities

[ Promotion of technology transfer
[ Promotion of joint Research and internships

The universities' share in the nation's research and development

expenditures is 20.1% in Japan. This figure compares favourably
with the corresponding outcomes of the Govt efforts to strengthen
the bilateral ties and promotion of technology transfer


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2, "/+#/ !!!/" "/+!$

 #$!,"8! 1  #9
[ The Foreign Exchange Law (1949Ö
[ Establishment of the Industrial Standardization Law and the
JIS mark (1949Ö
[ The Foreign Law (1950Ö
[ The Law of Extraordinary Measures for Promotion of the
Electronic Industry (1957Ö


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,3!,#/+!,+$!,!,9
[ MITI͛s Agency of Industrial Science and Technology (AISTÖ
[ Research Development Corporation of Japan (JRDCÖ
 The quality of Japanese industrial performance
͞Going through the adjacent
rests on, among other things, the country wise share of global
high-tech market it can be
ability of both the Japanese government and
observed that in between
Japanese companies to operate successfully. 1980 and 1995 Japan had a
whopping share of 22-30%
There are three main elements active inof this Japanese
progressive market.
industrial development: It illustrates the success of
the aforementioned
1. recognition of the country͛s need to government developinitiatives
a along
with the global
highly competitive manufacturing competitiveness and
Sector. aggressiveness of the
Japanese High Tech
2. the deliberate restructuring of industry over
companies.͟
timethetoward
Oil consumption
Generally, country
high
rate in Japan
with
value-added,
theisHDI
statistically
higher has very
range of decreasing
Japan (9.6Ö which is ironical to the
high energy
productivity
fact that
consumptionmostper industries
of capita
the developed and(the
per annum. For Japanese
developing
example, countries
Icelandcall them
have
and USAincreasing
has 3-fold
graph
and knowledge-intensiveÖ.
between
2-fold oil consumption
per capita rate and time.
energy consumption of thatThis is postrespectively.
of Japan effect of theThe Japan͛s
Energygraph
above Policyiswhich explicitly
the portrayal ofstresses on the exploitation
high efficiency in transmission of renewable
and end-use of
3. aggressive
resources.
energy in Japan.
domestic and international business
strategies.
 &! !,/++$+,

[ Tax incentives for technological development

[ Financing for the development of industrial technology
[ Conditional loans for R&D projects
[ Research association system for development of mining and
industrial technology
  | 4 
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!/-&  %

Scientific and technological advances, socioeconomic development, improved

communication, better hygiene and increased food intake have helped to increase life
expectancy and reduce mortality rates.
[ The Japanese have very stringent and effective policies for infant immunization
which are further ensured that they are followed by the citizens
[ Their typical diets are very natural and are mostly derived from nutritious marine
foods.
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+ !!"&/

):#! +!"!%+!3,##3!,

!",+!,"++,+!$ +! $",.&+:
;:#!,,1,/#&/, ,,/"!//+$!,!,7&
! !,"|,+$!,+!"!$,!",+!,,2
,3,+3!$#,+$+,,! #$!,!#2+":
  | 4 
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" !
"&/

The dominant contribution to the science and technology output of Japan have
been the 3 #+,/$!+!$'3+2(7#:/+,+ #+,'2#!("
#/!"""##!$# #+" ,'%2(:Of which the former
two are directly related to the education index.
  | 4 
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+$%//! ! %/

.,!#,!,#"-,//! ! %+'2#! #!,+/ "!

#!$#//! !3!," +! ! ,(,2, ,!,#+,
1#!",+!,++$%//! !#,+,"!#" +,/
+!+%+$%!<:
  | 4 
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Science
and
Technology

Effective
Policy
Increment
Making of HDI

Well
adapted to
social
dynamics