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direction j
1000 N
magnitude
Point of application
Line of action
A free vector
– The application line does not pass a certain point in space
A sliding vector
– The application line passes a certain point in space
A fixed vector
– The application line passes a certain point in space
– The application point of the vector is fixed
A A or A A
Vector addition
B
R A B B A
Triangle method (head-to-tail A R
R A
method)
– Note: the tail of the first vector
and the head of the last vector B
become the tail and head of the
resultant principle of the force
polygon/triangle
Parallelogram method
– Note: the resultant is the diagonal
of the parallelogram formed by
the vectors being summed
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Resultant of Forces – Review on geometric laws
Law of Sines A
c
Laws of Cosines b
c 2 a 2 b 2 2ab cos
C
b a c 2ac cos
2 2 2
a
B
a b c 2accos
2 2 2
The direction (relative to the direction of F1) can be given by the law
F2 sin
of sines
sin
R
Determine
– The resultant R
– The angle between the R
and the x-axis
Hints:
– Construct the force triangle/parallelogram
– Determine the angles
– Utilize the law of sines
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Another example
Determine the magnitude of the components of
R in the directions along u and v, when R =
1500 N
A A
B is in the negative
direction along n
B B en Ben
Department of Mechanical Engineering
The rectangular components of a force in 2D system
While the components must be perpendicular to each other, the directions
do not have to be parallel or perpendicular to the horizontal or vertical
directions
F Fx Fy Fxi Fy j
y
Fx F cos
F Fy F sin
Fy = Fy j
F F F 2 2
x y
Fy
j tan 1
Fx = Fx i Fx
x
i
Department of Mechanical Engineering
The rectangular components in 3D systems
z
k en
F Fx Fy Fz Fz = Fz k
Fxi Fy j Fzk
F Fen F
F Fxi Fy j Fzk
en z
F F
Fx F cosx x y
Fy F cos y Fx = Fx i Fy = Fy j
Fz F cos z j y
i
F Fx Fy F en cosxi cos y j coszk
2 2 2
z
x
Fx Fy Fz
x cos 1
y cos 1
z cos 1
F F F
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Dot Products of two vectors
A B B A A B cos ABcos
A
It’s a scalar !!!
Special cosines:
Cos 0o = 1
Cos 30o = ½ √3
Cos 45o = ½ √2
B
Cos 60o = 0.5
Cos 90o = 0
An A en Acosn (magnitude)
A n (A en )en
The component along en
At A An
The component along et
A A A2 cos 0 A2 A A A A A A
x x y y z z
k
Fz = Fz k
en
F Fx Fy Fz
F
F x i Fy j F z k Ft
zn
F Fnen Ft et Fx = Fx i Fn Fy = Fy j
xn yn
Fn F en
j y
(Fxi Fy j Fzk) e n
i
Fxi en Fy j en Fzk en x Can you show the following?
5.831
– d = 5.831 m y cos1
4
46.7o
– Use cosines to get the 5.831
3
angles z cos1 59.0o
5.831
Check: F 2
FOA Ft 2 21.6432 12.502 25kN Department of Mechanical Engineering
Resultants by rectangular components
R y Fy F1 y F2 y
F2x
F1x x
R R
All of the above results can be easily extended for 3D system
B(4.9,-7.6,0)
C(-7.6,-4.6,0)
Don’t worry if you don’t get the solution in the back of the
book
Department of Mechanical Engineering
HW Problem 2-46