WASTE GENERATION

Types of Solid Wastes

By Morgan Añana
Food Waste

• Waste from the preparation of food and

leftovers
Rubbish
• Can be divided into two categories:
Combustible and Non- Combustibles

• Combustibles include paper, wood,

carton, cloth, bedding, and leather

• Non Combustibles include metals, dirt,

stones, ceramics, and glass bottles
Ashes & Residues
• Residues from fires used for cooking,
thermal power plants, .. Etc.
Bulky Wastes

• Large auto parts, tires, refrigerators, and

any other large appliances
Dead Animals

• Corpses and body parts of dead animals

Construction and Demolition Waste

• These include Lumber, roofing and sheathing

scraps, broken concrete.. Etc.
Industrial Wastes
• Solid wastes from industry processes, they cover
vast range of substances which are unique to
each industry
Source : Manual on Municipal Solid waste Management, 2000
Hazardous Wastes

• These include pathological wastes, explosives,

radioactive materials, toxic wastes, etc.
Solid Waste Generation Rate (Global)

• Current global MSW generation levels are

approximately 1.3 billion tonnes per year,
and are expected to increase to
approximately 2.2 billion tonnes per year by
2025.
Solid Waste Generation Rate by Country
Income
Characteristics of Municipal
Solid Wastes
By JB C. Boniao
Introduction

The characteristics of fresh municipal solid

waste (MSW) are critical in planning,
designing, operating or upgrading solid
waste management systems.
Introduction

Most important MSW characteristics to be considered in

planning a system:

- Physical composition
- Moisture content
- Compacted unit weight
- Permeability
Composition of Municipal Solid Wastes

The success of waste management requires accurate data on

generation and composition of waste which is pivotal for the
decisions towards the appropriate waste management system.

Properties of Solid Wastes

- Physical Properties
- Chemical Properties
- Biological Properties
Solid waste composition for 7 OECD countries
and 7 Asian cities

In most countries in the world,

organic materials and paper are the
main contributors to municipal
waste. In developing countries, large
cities generate most of the municipal
waste
Moisture Content of Municipal Solid Wastes

Water content or moisture content is the quantity of water

contained in a material.

Moisture content (MC) is a crucial parameter for degradation of

solid waste in landfills.
Determining the Moisture Content

The moisture in a sample is expressed as percentage of the

wet weight of the MSW material
Particle Size
By Gayle Dela Cruz
Particle size
Particle size is a term used to compare
solid, liquid and gas dimensions. This can be
applied to any of the following:
• Ecology particles
• Colloidal particles
• Granular material particles
Measuring Particle Size
Measuring Particle Size

There are several methods for measuring

particle size. Some of them are based
on light, other on ultrasound, or electric
field, or gravity, or centrifugation.
Particle Size Distribution
Particle Size Distribution
The size and distribution of the components
of wastes are important for the recovery of
materials, especially when mechanical means
are used, such as trommel screens and
magnetic separators.
Trommel
Screen
Magnetic
Separators
 The size of waste components can be determined
using the following equations:
Let:
Sc = size of component, mm
L = length, mm
w = width, mm
h = height, mm Sc = L
Sc = (L+w)/2
Sc = (L+w+h)/3
Chemical Composition
Chemical Composition

Chemical composition refers to the

arrangement, type, and ratio of
atoms in molecules of chemical
substances.
 Chemical Composition
Knowing the chemical composition of solid waste is very
important when planning for different waste management
options.
Key aspects of chemical composition are:
• moisture content – the percentage of water in the waste
• ash content – the amount of material remaining after burning
the waste
• heat content – also known as calorific value, which is the
amount of heat energy produced when the waste is burned.
 Composition of Residential
Solid Waste

(Source: http://www.open.edu/openlearncreate/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=80567&printable=1)
Material Density
& Heat Value
By Kevin ‘Mr. Steal yo Girl’ Olegario
Material Density (kg/m3, lb/ft3)

• Is a critical factor in the design of a SWM system e.g., the design

of sanitary landfills, storage, types of collection and transport
vehicles etc.
• Significant changes in density occurs spontaneously as the waste
moves from source to disposal
• Used to assess volume of transportation vehicle and size of the
disposal facility.
Heat Value

• Knowledge of the energy content of an organic fraction of solid

waste is essential for evaluating its potential for use as a fuel in a
combustion system.
• Depends on the constituents of a sample
• Is determined experimentally using the Bomb calorimeter test
REFERENCE

• http://uap-bd.edu/ce/nehreen/Lecture%202_431.pdf
• https://www.epa.ie/pubs/reports/waste/wastecharacterisation/E
PA_municipal_waste_characterisation.pdf
• http://www.pwut.ac.ir/FA/Adjutancies/Adj2/Office4/Risk/khada
mat/pdf/13
• https://2ch458npc.files.wordpress.com/2014/12/3-properties-of-
solid-waste.pdf
Mechanical Properties of
Solid Waste
By Analou Palarion
Why should we study the mechanical
properties of solid wastes?

Mechanical properties of solid wastes controls many aspects of landfill

lining system design and performance
• Stability issues
• Integrity of the geosynthetic
• Mineral lining components

Knowledge of the likely ranges of waste mechanical properties is

required to assess potential modes of failure and hence to design the
landfill engineering measures.
Geosynthetics form an integral part of modern
landfill lining systems.

Geotextiles and geocomposite drainage materials are used as protection,

separation and drainage layers.While the use of geosynthetics brings
many benefits they are also susceptible to damage leading to
• loss of function
• Potential failure planes at interfaces between components
• large-scale instability of the lining system and contained
waste body
Potential landfill infrastructure failure modes: stability and integrity
Mechanical Properties

1.Vertical Compressibility
2.Shear Strength
3.Lateral Stiffness
4.Horizontal in-situ stress
Primary compression includes physical compression of particles
(distortion, bending, crushing and particle orientation) and consolidation
(significant for saturated waste bodies).In most wastes, physical
compression will occur immediately on application of load.

Secondary compression includes all creep effects (i.e.

mechanical compression under constant stress) and those relating to
degradation (both chemical and biological).Creep effects include time-
dependent particle distortion (i.e.bend ing, crushing), particle
reorientation and raveling
Shear Strength

Shear strength of MSW is usually defined using the

Coulomb failure criterion.

Knowledge of shear strength is required in order to assess

waste and lining system slope stability. Landfill failures tend to
be controlled by shear surfaces forming along interfaces within
the liner system or within weak underlying soils.
Lateral Stiffness

Information on the lateral stiffness is required to assess the

performance of steep side slope lining systems that rely in
part on the waste for their stability and integrity.

shear modulus (G), Young’s modulus (E) and Poisson’s ratio (n)
Horizontal in situ stress
Knowledge of horizontal in situ stress is required
in order to aid assessment of stability and
integrity of both shallow and steep slope lining
system components and the performance of
structures buried in the waste body such as
leachate and gas wells.
Biodegradability
Common Methods for the Determination
of Biodegradability of Waste Materials

• Determination of biogas potential

• Determination of organic and inorganic
carbon content in waste
• Determination of loss on ignition and the
biomass content of the waste
• Determination of aerobic biological
stability of waste materials
 Source Reduction, Waste
Segregation, and Recycling
By Jules Sios-e
 Source Reduction
The most effective way to reduce waste is to not create it in the first place.
 Source Reduction

• Reduce and Reuse

• also known as waste prevention or pollution prevention
• the most preferable method of waste management
• involves the design, manufacture, purchase or use of materials
and products to reduce the amount or toxicity of what is thrown
away.

“Source Reduction means stopping waste before it happens.”

 Source Reduction

• Pollution Prevention (P2) - An innovative approach to

environmental management through the elimination of
pollution prior to recycling, treatment, or disposal..”
• Waste Minimization - The reduction of the generation
and toxicity of hazardous waste materials such as paint
cans, pesticides, and motor oil before disposal or
storage.
 Benefits of Source Reduction

• Prevents pollution caused by reducing the need to harvest new raw

materials
• Saves energy
• Reduces greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to global climate
change
• Helps sustain the environment for future generations
• Saves money
• Reduces the amount of waste that will need to be recycled or sent to
landfills and incinerators
• Allows products to be used to their fullest extent
 Ideas on how to reduce and reuse

• Buy used
• Look for products that use less packaging
• Buy reusable over disposable items
• Maintain and repair products, like clothing, tires and appliances, so that
they won't have to be thrown out and replaced as frequently.
• Borrow, rent or share items that are used infrequently, like party
decorations, tools or furniture.
• Donating unwanted things that may benefit another person or
organization
Waste Segregation
Segregate waste, not people
 Waste Segregation

• generally means the separation of biodegradable (wet)

waste form non-biodegradable (dry) waste for proper
disposal and recycling
• ideally, wet waste is used in compost and dry waste is
further sorted for recycling before final disposal
• significantly reduces the final waste being sent to
landfills
 Benefits of Waste Segregation

• Makes recycling easier

• Less waste goes to landfills
• Separation of hazardous wastes for proper disposal
• Saves the government money on transportation
• Possible Revenue Stream
 Recycling
When in doubt, don’t throw it out.
 Recycling

• Process of collecting and processing materials

into new products
• Utilizes materials from dry wastes after
segregating
• Best way to ‘dispose’ of materials that takes ages
to decompose
• Opens a possibility of profiting from trash
 Steps in Recycling Materials

•Step 1: Collection and Processing

•Step 2: Manufacturing
•Step 3: Purchasing New Products
Made from Recycled Materials
 Benefits of Recycling

• Reduces the amount of waste sent to landfills and incinerators

• Conserves natural resources such as timber, water and minerals
• Increases economic security by tapping a domestic source of
materials
• Prevents pollution by reducing the need to collect new raw
materials
• Saves energy
• Supports American manufacturing and conserves valuable
resources
• Helps create jobs in the recycling and manufacturing industries
(Source: http://wondersofcebuphil.blogspot.com/2014/01/list-of-recyclers-recycling-plants-in.html)
Sources:

• https://waste.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/articles/211673758-What-is-
Source-Reduction-
• https://www.epa.gov/recycle/reducing-and-reusing-basics
• http://mde.maryland.gov/programs/LAND/RecyclingandOperationsprogr
am/Pages/source_reduction.aspx
• http://www.chintanindia.org/documents/fact_sheets/chintan_waste_se
gregation_fact_sheet.pdf
• https://www.epa.gov/recycle/recycling-basics
• http://wondersofcebuphil.blogspot.com/2014/01/list-of-recyclers-
recycling-plants-in.html
 Storage
By Oriel Kayna Villegas
Overview

• On-site handling
• On-site storage
• On-site processing
On-site Handling
Importance of on-site handling of solid waste
• Reduce volume of waste generated
• Alter physical form
• Recover usable materials

On- site handling Methods

• Sorting
• Shredding “cut”
• Grinding
• Composting
On-site Storage

• Type of container to be used,

• The location where the containers are kept,
• Public health,
• The collection method and time.
On-site Storage
1. Storage Container
-Garbage and refuse generated in kitchens and other work areas should be
collected and stored in properly designed and constructed water-proof
garbage cans (waste bins). The cans or receptacle “container” can be
constructed from galvanized iron sheet or plastic materials. They should
have tightly fitting covers.
-They must be of such size that, when full, can be lifted easily by one man.
They should be located in a cool place over platforms, at least 30
centimeters above ground level. After putting in garbage, they should be
kept covered.
On-site Storage

1. Storage Container
-The bins must be emptied at least daily and
maintained in clean conditions. A typical example
of garbage can, constructed from galvanized iron
sheet, dimensions: diameter 45 cm and height 75
cm, is shown in Figure 4-1 below.
On-site Storage

1. Storage Container
On-site Storage

1. Storage Container
On-site Storage

1. Storage Container
On-site Storage

1. Storage Container
On-site Storage

2. Container Size

Ash up to 80 to 128 litter

Mixed refuse should not exceed 120 to 128 litter
Rubbish up to 200 liter
Office waste is 10-20 liter
Kitchen waste is 40 liter
Garbage is 48 to 80 liter
On-site Storage
2. Container Size
Plastic liners for cans and wrapping “covering” for garbage reduce
the need for cleaning of cans and bulk containers, keep down odors,
rat and fly breeding
Galvanized ametal is preferable for garbage storage because it is
resistant to corrosion “decay”. Plastic cans are light in weight but
are easily gnawed “chew” by rats.
Bulk containers are recommended where large volumes of refuse
are generated, such as at hotels, restaurants, apartment houses,
shopping centers.
A concrete plat form provided with a drain to an approved sewer
with a water faucet “valve” at the site to facilitate cleaning
On-site Processing

Some of the objectives of solid waste processing include:

• 1) Component separation (hand sorting, screening, magnetic separation,
air classification for lighter materials such as paper and plastic). Remember
though, as stated earlier, it is much more efficient to separate wastes at
the source.
• 2) Volume reduction (baling “tightly bound”, shredding, incineration).
Incineration may reduce volume by more than 90%. However, engineers
should realize that incineration is not a popular option by many local
communities.
• 3) Size reduction (Shredding, grinding)
• 4) Resource recovery (composting, energy recovery, material recovery)
 END

“Pollution is nothing but the resources

we are not harvesting. We allow them to
disperse because we’ve been ignorant of
their value.”

-R.Buckminster Fuller