W-CDMA Principles

W-CDMA Principles
 Objectives

W-CDMA
W-CDMA Principles
Principles

At the end of this session, you will be able to:

• The Spread Spectrum Principle

• The Channelization codes & Scrambling codes. Their main properties
• The importance of Eb/No
• The concept of Power Control
• The coverage limits
• The Rake Receiver
• The macro-diversity
• Handovers

W-CDMA Principles
 Access Technologies

FDMA TDMA

Power Power

cy
u en cy
q Tim en
Tim Fre e qu
e Fre
W-CDMA

Power

cy
u en
q
Tim Fre
e

W-CDMA Principles
 Access Technologies
W-CDMA: FDD or TDD
Code Multiplex
Power Time

UMTS USER 2

FDD
UMTS USER 1
UL DL
Frequency
5 MHz 5 MHz
Duplex Spacing: 190 MHz

Power DL
Time Code Multiplex
UL
UMTS USER 2 &
DL Time Division
DL
TDD UMTS USER 1
UL

666.67 µ s
5 MHz Frequency
W-CDMA Principles
 Spread Spectrum Principle

•Narrow Band Signal

•Wide Band Signal
•High Power Spectral Density
(Power / Hz) •Low Power Spectral Density
(Power / Hz)
Power

Power
Frequency Frequency

W-CDMA Principles
 Spreading / Despreading

In the receiving path, de-spreading is achieved by auto-correlation with the same code
Due to low cross-correlation properties with other codes, the received signal energy is
increased compared to noise and other signal interference
The gain due to despreading is called processing gain
Example for 12.2 AMR speech:

Chip Rate 3840 kcps

PG = = = 314 .75 = 25 dB
User Bit Rate 12 .2 kbps
W-CDMA Principles
 Spread Spectrum Principle
2 - Transmission
x(t)
Power spectrum
Data sequence
Tbit
+a

-a

x
Frequency
1/Tbit
Tchip spreading sequence
+1

-1

=
1/Tchip

transmitted sequence
+a

-a
1/Tchip

Data Transmitted signal

Modulation
sequence

Spreading sequence generator

W-CDMA Principles
 Spread Spectrum Principle
3 - Reception

x(t) Power spectrum

received sequence
+a
Frequency
-a

x
1/Tchip

Tchip
spreading sequence
+1

-1 1/Tchip

= +a Tbit
Data sequence

-a
1/Tbit

Received Demodulation Data

signal sequence

Spreading sequence generator

W-CDMA Principles
 Spread Spectrum Principle
4 - Code Multiplexing

Spreading

Code 1
Code 2
User 1 Code 3
User 2 Code 4
User 3 Code 5
User 4
User 5
Composite signal
Power spectrum

Codes discriminate users

5 MHz
W-CDMA Principles
 Spread Spectrum Principle
5 - Extraction

Using the “right” mathematical sequences

any Code Channel can be extracted
from the received composite signal

Unwanted Power
from other sources

W-CDMA Principles
 Channelization Codes - OVSF
2 - Orthogonality

T0 synchronization no T0 synchronization
1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1
Cj Cj

1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 * Ck
1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 *
Ck

1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 =0 1 1 1 -1 1 1 1 -1 =4
+ +
No correlation Small correlation
=> Orthogonal => Non orthogonal

W-CDMA Principles
 Spreading and scrambling codes

OVSF 1

Same Frequency
Same Frequency OVSF 2
Same OVSF Codes
Same OVSF Codes

Downlink
– Same Frequency in all Cells, OVSF codes from same Base Station are synchronised
– Same OVSF Codes in all Cells -> Interference
– Need for additional identifier for different Cells

Uplink
– User sends information in different OVSF codes
– OVSF codes from different users are not Synchronized > Not Orthogonal
– Need for additional identifier for Mobiles

W-CDMA Principles
 Spreading and scrambling codes

Node B
UE
UL Despreading
Spreading Scrambling Descrambling
OVSF PN
(Service/ user identifier) ( Cell identifier)
Scrambling Spreading
PN OVSF
Despreading Descrambling DL (User identifier) (Service identifier)

Spreading codes (channelization codes)

• used to differentiate mobiles and services
• different lengths (spreading factor) according to service in UMTS
• Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) in UMTS
• Low Cross Correlation, High Auto Correlation
Scrambling codes
• used to differentiate un-synchronized codes (from other UEs or Node-Bs)
• 1 scrambling code per sector on downlink
• PN code family in UMTS

W-CDMA Principles
 Codes Multiplexing
1 - Downlink Transmission on a Cell Level

Scrambling code

Channelization code 1 BTS

User 1 signal

Channelization code 2

User 2 signal

Channelization code 3

User 3 signal

W-CDMA Principles
 Codes Multiplexing
2 - Uplink Transmission on a Cell Level

Scrambling code 1

Channelization code

User 1 signal

Scrambling code 2

Channelization code

User 2 signal BTS

Scrambling code 3
Channelization code
User 3 signal

W-CDMA Principles
 Channelization Codes - OVSF
1 - Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor: code tree generator

Cch ,4,0 = 1111

Cch ,2,0 = 11

Cch ,4,1 = 1 1 -1 -1

Cch ,1,0 = 1

Cch ,4,2 = 1 -1 1 -1

Cch ,2,1 = 1 -1

Cch ,4,3 = 1 -1 -1 1

SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4 SF = 8 SF = 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512.

W-CDMA Principles
 Physical Layer Structure
UMTS Frame Format

Slot = 0.667 ms = 2560 chips

Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #j Slot #14

Frame = 15 slots = 10 ms = 38400 chips

(38400*1000/10 = 3.84 Mcps)

Frame #0 Frame #1 Frame #i Frame #4095

System frame = 4096 frames = 40.96 seconds

W-CDMA Principles
 Basic W-CDMA Terminologies
1 - Eb/No
TDMA-GSM W-CDMA

1
2
1 3 1
2 4 2
3 1 3
4 2 4
3 1
1 2
4
3

1 4

Power spectrum

Eb/No C

C
N
I C

W-CDMA Principles
 Basic W-CDMA Terminologies
Eb/No -> Eb = Energy per bit, No = Noise Spectral Density
[ Sensitivity of Base Station]

Uplink Eb/No = Minimum Signal/Noise to achieve any Service

BER (Bit Error Rate) = Function of Eb/No

Ven
Dep
dor SNR = C/I = Eb/No - Processing Gain
end
ent

CS 12.2 C
Bit rate (kbps) 12.2
UL Eb/No (dB) 4.9
W-CDMA Principles
 Coverage Limits

Service provided: Speech Service provided: Data 144

Example: 2 UEs at the same

distance from the BTS using
2 data rates
Eb/No Eb/No

SF = 8
required
SF = 128

required

Interference level Interference level

Received power
Received power
User 2 needs more power for the
UL & DL for the same quality as
user 1

UE2
UE1

BTS
Speech 8 kbps Data 144 kbps
The higher the SF, the less power required
W-CDMA Principles
 Coverage Limits

SF = 128

SF = 32

SF = 4

Speech 8 kbps Data 64 kbps Data 384 kbps

BTS

The coverage limits are

determined by
the Uplink link Budget

W-CDMA Principles
 WCDMA : Coverage and Capacity

COVERAGE:
– Uplink : Depends on C/I Requirement
– Downlink : Depends on Power Received at MS

CAPACITY:
– Uplink : Interference
– Downlink : Power [20 W per carrier is OK for non HSDPA]
– Uplink/Downlink : Codes (512 codes)

W-CDMA Principles
 “Near-Far-Problem”

UE 1


 UE 2
Before despreading After despreading

– Up to around 80 dB attenuation between UE1 and UE2

– If UE1 and UE2 transmitted with the same power, UE1 would jam UE2 : so-
called “near-far” effect
– Solution : power control
– Need for an efficient power control able to fight against slow AND fast
fading!

W-CDMA Principles
 Power Control

TX Power is adjusted regularly so that each connection is received with the

required Eb/No of its service
– Uplink: Avoid „Near-Far-Problem“
– Downlink: Power share allocation

Policy: “No one gets a higher quality (Eb/No) than he needs. Everyone gets
exactly the required quality or is not served at all“
– no unnecessary increase of interference for other mobiles
– no waste of common power resource in the downlink

W-CDMA Principles
 Interference Limit

When the number of users in the cell increases, the interference level
increases (noise rise), the required received power at the base station to
reach a given Eb/No (quality) increases
Interference level relative to Noise level

20
18
16
14
12
(dB)

10
8
6
4
2
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Number of simultaneous users per sector

For high interference level, the required received power becomes infinite:
power control is unstable  pole capacity
Coverage and capacity are linked in CDMA systems

W-CDMA Principles
 Uplink Cell load (monoservice)

The UL cell load is directly linked to the so called ‘Noise Rise’ or interference level

100 % UL cell load means infinite mobile power required

NoiseRise = −10 log( 1 − X UL ) monoservice

Interference level as a function of capacity

Interference level (dB)

35 Note:
30 For cell load above 75
25 %, the system gets
20 unstable
max loading : 75%
15 50% of cell load
10 (3dB of interference)
5
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Cell loading (%)

W-CDMA Principles
 WCDMA Capacity : Uplink Cell Load

N serv
(CI ) j
xUL = (1 + f ). ∑ N j .
UL Eb/No (dB) = 4.9

j =1 1+ (CI ) j Bit Rate = 12.2 Kbps

Processing Gain (dB) = 10*log10(3840/12.2) = 25 dB

UL = Eb/No – Processing Gain = 4.9 – 25 = -20.1 dB

= OCIF Factor = 0.8

C/I (in absolute value) = 10^(()/10) = 0.00982

For one simultaneous Voice user, N = 1

Applying Formula,

Uplink Cell Load = = (1+0.8)* 1 * 0.00982/(1+0.00982) =

0.0175 = 1.75%

For Maximum Uplink Cell Load = 50%

No. of simultaneous Voice users = 50%/1.75% = 28

Voice users have activity factor = 50%

Hence Simultaneous Voice Users = 28/(50%) = 56

W-CDMA Principles
 Downlink Power Limit : Cell breathing

Considering the limitation of maximal transmit power, the increase of

required received power due to high traffic will lead to decrease the cell
range

The cell coverage decreases when the traffic increases : so-called “cell
breathing” phenomenon
Coverage and capacity are linked in CDMA systems

W-CDMA Principles
 Load control

Deployed inter site distance

Traffic density
increases

In order to avoid power control instability and coverage holes due to high traffic
level, the level of interference received by a base station should be controlled
by means of admission and load control algorithms

W-CDMA Principles
Taking advantage of Multipath: Rake Receiver

Take advantage of
multipath diversity

RX Delay (τ n)

Delay τ C(t-τ n)
1

τ
D(t)
UE n
TX

C(t) C(t-τ 1)
RX Delay (τ 1)
+
Delay τ 0

τ
Spreading 1
& RX Delay (τ 0)
BTS
Scrambling C(t-τ 0)

τ
0

W-CDMA Principles
 Macro-Diversity
Softer Hand Over

Data UL1
Data UL2 Data UL

Data DL1

RNC
Data UL
Data UL
Data UL
Core
Network
Data DL Data DL
Node B
UE (BTS)
Data DL2

Data DL1 Data DL

Data DL2

W-CDMA Principles
 Macro-Diversity
Soft Hand Over Intra RNC

Data UL1
Data DL1 Data UL
Data UL2

Data UL1 Data UL1

Node B RNC
Data UL (BTS)
Data DL1 Data UL
Core
Data UL2 Network
Data DL
UE Data DL2

Data DL2
Data UL2

Data DL1 Data DL

Node B
Data DL2
(BTS)

W-CDMA Principles
 Macro-Diversity
Soft Hand Over Inter RNC: Serving RNC (SRNC) and Drift RNC (DRNC)

Data DL1
Data DL2 Data DL
Data UL1
Data UL2 Data UL

SRNC
Data DL1
Data UL
Data UL1

Data UL
Node B Data DL1
(BTS)
Data UL
Data DL
Data DL2 Core
Data UL Network
Data UL2
UE
Data DL2
Data DL2

Data UL2
Node B DRNC
(BTS)

W-CDMA Principles
 Different Types of Handover
Soft Handover Softer Handover Hard Handover
Inter RNC Intra Node B Core Network

Core Network Core Network

SRNC
GSM / GPRS
BSS

SRNC DRNC SRNC

UE

Node B
Node B Core Network

SRNC
GSM / GPRS
BSS

UE

UE UE
W-CDMA Principles
 Soft Handover (SHO) Macrodiversity gain

Soft HO
In UL selection of the best signal on a frame basis at RNC level - ‘selection
diversity’ RNC

In DL Maximum Ratio combining due to RAKE receiver at UE

For UL & DL good decorrelation due to different locations of Node Bs 

many multipaths

Softer HO
In UL Maximum. Ratio Combining at Node B

In DL Maximum Ratio combining due to RAKE receiver at UE

RNC

For UL & DL less decorrelation due to “same” location of sectors  less

multipaths

W-CDMA Principles
 Channels
3 Types of Channel

Logical Channel: What type of information is transferred

Transport Channel: How and with what characteristics

the information is transferred

Physical channels: Real transmission resource

Different message
High rate data
types
=
Physical Channel Different Logical
Speech
Channels with different
QoS Requirements
Signaling
(Transport channels)

W-CDMA Principles
 Channels
Logical Channels: UE Protocol Layers

RLC (Radio Link Control)

Logical Channels

MAC (Medium Access Control)

Transport Channels

Transport sublayer

Physical Channels PHY

(PHYsical Layer)

Physical sublayer

W-CDMA Principles
Node B Portfolio architecture
Flexibility around a common software platform

Remote Radio
RRH
Solutions

ANC

CEM
CEM TRDU
CEM
CEM
CEM TRX
CCM

TRM MCPA Filter

Digital modules
SUM
Radio Modules

Iub (ATM or IP/Ethernet) 2G BTS

Architecture
3G NodeB Architecture

W-CDMA Principles
 CHANNEL ELMENTS : UTRAN RADIO RESOURCE

A Channel Elements is a Radio Resource

used at any instance of time.

Different RABs require different no. of CEMs.

It is different for Uplink and Downlink

CEM requirements are vendor dependent

W-CDMA Principles
 Comparison 2G and 3G Cell Range

Comparison 2G and 3G Cell Range

UMTS 2100
Technology

GSM 1800
UMTS 2100
GSM 1800
UMTS 900 UMTS 900
GSM 900
GSM 900

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

Cell Range (urban) for Voice

W-CDMA Principles
 Comparison 2G and 3G Voice Capacity (AMR 12.2)
With 5 MHz Bandwidth, FDD

2G:

With good KPI commitments -> 3,3,2 config

Total = 36 Erlangs per site

3G:

56 Erlangs per Sector

168 Erlangs per Site

Approx -> 5 times higher capacity in 3G

W-CDMA Principles