Characteristics, Processes and

Ethics of Research
Characteristics of Research
• Accuracy
It must give correct or accurate data, which
the footnotes, notes, and bibliographical entries
should honestly and appropriately documented
or acknowledge.
• Systematic
It must take place in an organized or
orderly manner
Characteristics of Research
• Objectiveness
It must deal with facts, not with
mere opinions arising from assumptions,
generalizations, predictions, or
conclusions.
• Timeliness
It must work on a topic that is
fresh, new and interesting to the
present society
Characteristics of Research
• Relevance
Its topic must be instrumental in improving
society or in solving problems affecting the lives
of people in a community.
• Clarity
It must succeed in expressing its central
point or discoveries by using simple, direct,
concise, and correct language.
Process of Research
Step
Step 1:Identifyi
7:Reportin ng a
g findings research
problem
Step 6:Forming Step 2:Exploring
conclusions, knowledge about
implications, and the research
recommendations problem

Step 5:Analyzing Step 3:Developing

data the research design
Step
4:Collecting
data
Ethics of Research
• Voluntary Participation
Any person need not be coerced in
order for them to participate in any
research undertaking.
• Informed Consent
Prospective research participants
must be fully informed about the
procedures and risks involved in
research.
Ethics of Research
• Risk of Harm
Harm that is physical, financial, or
psychological must not be experienced by the
participants. The principle of nonmaleficence
states that it is the researcher’s duty to avoid,
prevent, or minimize harm to the participants
within the confines of the study.
Ethics of Research
• Confidentiality
Participants must be assured that
identifying information will not be made
available to anyone who is not directly
involved in the study.
• Anonymity
It means that the participants will
remain anonymous throughout the
study even to the researchers
themselves.