Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
The discomfort and distress associated with pain often last far
beyond the tissue-damaging experience
Essentially similar to all people if the CNS and the PNS are
intact
PERCEPTION OF PAIN
Pain Tolerance
The amount of pain the person is willing to endure
Only the person, not the health care team, can determine
the person’s tolerance level
TYPES OF PAIN
1. Acute Pain
2. Chronic Pain
Acute Pain
Short duration (<6 months)
Social withdrawal
• Client reports pain • Client often does not mention pain unless
asked
a. Cutaneous
Originates in the skin or subcutaneous tissue
e.g. a paper cut causing a sharp pain with some
burning
b. Deep Somatic
Arises from ligaments, tendons, bones, blood vessels, and
nerves
a. Radiating Pain
Perceived at the source of pain and extends to nearby
tissues
e.g. cardiac pain felt not only in the chest but also in
the left shoulder and arm
b. Referred Pain
Felt in the part of the body that is considerably removed
from the tissues causing the pain
e.g. pain from one part of the viscera maybe
perceived in an are of the skin remote from the organ
causing the pain
TYPES OF PAIN
Other Types of Pain
a. Intractable Pain
Pain that is highly resistant to relief
e.g. pain from advance malignancy
b. Neuropathic Pain
The result of current or past damage to the peripheral or
central nervous system and may not have a stimulus for pain
Long lasting and unpleasant
Described as burning, dull, and aching
With episodes of sharp, shooting pain can be present
TYPES OF PAIN
c. Phantom Pain
A painful sensation perceived in the body part that is missing
or paralyzed by spinal cord injury
A neuropathic pain
Episode of this pain type can be reduced if analgesia is given
via the epidural catheter prior to amputation
e.g. amputated leg
d. Phantom Sensation
The feeling that the missing part is still present
PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC BASIS OF PAIN
4. Modulation
Efferent fibers descending from the brain stem modulate or
alter pain
PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC BASIS OF PAIN
Theories of Pain
1. Specify Theory
2. Pattern Theory
3. Gate Control Theory
1. Specificity Theory
Proposes that body’s neurons and pathways for pain
transmission are specific, similar to other senses like taste
Histamines
Hydrogen ions
PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC BASIS OF PAIN
Inhibitory Mechanisms of Pain
The actual pain receptors adapt very little and continue to transmit
pain message
RESPONSE TO PAIN
The person may learn to cope with pain through cognitive and
behavioral activities: diversions, imagery, excessive sleeping