HISTORY OF AVIATION

NAME – SATYAPAL YADAV

ROLL NO-153621
FIRST FLIGHT
Between 1899 and
1905, the Wright  August 1899
brothers conducted a
program of  Test flying the Wright Kite>
aeronautical research
and experimentation  October 1900
that led to the first
successful powered  Testing the first glider>
airplane in 1903 and a
refined, practical flying  Fall 1901
machine two years
later. All successful
airplanes since then
 The Bicycle Apparatus>
have incorporated the
basic design elements
 December 17, 1903
of the 1903 Wright
Flyer.  First successful flight!>
 1899 WRIGHT KITE
No photographs exist of
the 1899 kite; only a
sketch of it illustrating
wing-warping, drawn
by Wilbur in 1912.

The Wrights combined

their wing-warping
control concept and the
structural design of the
Chanute-Herring glider
in their first aircraft, a
biplane kite with a 5-
foot wingspan, built in
July 1899.
 TEST FLYING THE GLIDER

The Wright brothers’

flight-testing program
was a key to their
success. Extensive trials
of their gliders not only
provided valuable
performance data,
which was folded back
into the evolving
design, but also helped
Wilbur and Orville
develop piloting skills.
Development of gliders
Aurther lenin(1890)
 THE BICYCLE APPARTUS
In the fall of 1901, the
Wrights began to test
the accuracy of the
equations they had
been using. Tapping
their familiarity with
bicycles, they created a
device to compare the
forces acting on two
objects with different
shapes.
(HEXA BLADE AND
SPOKES)
OBSERVATION OF BICYCLE APPARTUS
How it worked
 The Wrights examined all the
terms in the lift and drag
equations. Some values—weight
of the craft, wind speed, and
wing surface area—could be
directly measured, so the
Wrights were confident of their
accuracy. But the coefficients of
lift and drag and Smeaton’s
coefficient were drawn from the
work of others. The brothers
focused on these as the possible
source of their gliders’ poor lift
performance.
Calculations and results
 They recorded the angle of
the wing to the airflow at
which the air pressure on the
wing shape balanced the air
pressure on the plate. This is
called the angle of attack.
Then they calculated what
Lilienthal’s data indicated the
angle should have been. The
model wing required more
than three times the angle of
attack than Lilienthal’s data
predicted.
 A GREAT VICTORY
On December 14, three
months after arriving at
Kitty Hawk, the Wrights
were finally ready to
give their creation a try.
They tossed a coin to
determine which
brother would make the
first attempt. Wilbur
won and climbed into
the pilot’s position.
Forty feet down the rail,
the Flyer lurched up,
stalled, and smashed
into the sand, slightly
damaging the forward
elevator.
ACTUAL DREAM OF AVIATION STARTED
FROM 16TH,17TH,18TH CENTURY……
first serious  Leonardo da Vinci and Galileo Galilei in
research into Italy, Christiaan Huygens in the
aerodynamics Netherlands, and Isaac Newton in England
—the study of all contributed to an understanding of the
the forces
operating on a
relationship between resistance (drag) and
solid body such factors as the surface area of an object
exposed to the stream and the density of a
(for instance, a
wing when it is
fluid. Swiss mathematicians Daniel
immersed in a Bernoulli and Leonhard Euler and British
stream of air). engineer John Smeaton explained the
relationship between pressure and velocity
and provided information that enabled a
later generation of engineers to calculate
aerodynamic forces
Construction of the sustaining wings: the problem
of lift-
The engineer Octave Chanute and the Wright brothers—to
calculate the performance of their own wings. Having published
the results of his research, Lilienthal designed, built, and
flew a series of monoplane and biplane gliders, completing as
many as 2,000 flights between 1890 and the time of his fatal
glider crash in August 1896.

“Men already know how to

construct wings…,” Wilbur
explained in 1901, “which when
driven through the air at
sufficient speed will not only
sustain themselves but also that
of the engine, and of the
engineer as well
The generation and application of
power: the problem of propulsion
As the end of the 19th  Charles Taylor, a machinist whom the brothers
century approached, the
internal-combustion employed in their bicycle shop, produced a
engine emerged as an four-cylinder engine with a cast aluminum
even more promising block that produced roughly 12.5 horsepower
aeronautical power
plant. The process had
at a total weight of some 200 pounds (90 kg),
begun in 1860, when including fuel and coolant.
Étienne Lenoir of
Belgium built the first
 Langley produced an engine far superior to
internal-combustion that of the Wright brother- 52.4 horsepower.
engine, fueled with
illuminating gas. In
Germany, Nikolaus A.
Otto took the next step
in 1876, producing a four-
stroke engine burning
liquid fue
Balancing and steering the
machine: the problem of control
Wright brothers  Determined to avoid those problems, the
focused on the element Wright brothers created a positive control
of control. Other system that enabled (indeed, required) the
experimenters had
pilot to exercise absolute command over the
given some thought to
motion of his machine in every axis and at
the subject. Cayley was
the first to use an every moment. Others had rejected that goal
elevator for control in because they feared that pilots would be
pitch (directing the overwhelmed by the difficulty of controlling a
nose up and down). machine moving in three dimensions. The
Throughout the second Wright brothers, however, had recognized
half of the 19th century, how easily and quickly a bicycle rider
airships had used internalized the motions required to maintain
rudders for yaw control
balance and control, and they were certain
(directing the nose to
that it would be the same with an airplane
the right and left)
 1.It was far more difficult to conceive of a way to control
an aircraft in roll (that is, balancing the wingtips or banking
the aircraft).

 Determined to avoid those problems, the

Wright brothers created a positive control
system that enabled (indeed, required) the
pilot to exercise absolute command over
the motion of his machine in every axis and
at every moment. Others had rejected that
goal because they feared that pilots would
be overwhelmed by the difficulty of
controlling a machine moving in three
dimensions. The Wright brothers, however,
had recognized how easily and quickly a
bicycle rider internalized the motions
required to maintain balance and control,
and they were certain that it would be the
same with an airplane.
Other aviation pioneers—

1.The Brazilian experimenter Alberto Santos-Dumont, for

instance, made the first public flight in Europe in 1906 in
his 14- b i s.
2. Farman completed the first European circular flight of
at least 1 km (0.62 mile) early in 1908.
3. Blériot brought the early experimental era of aviation
to an end on July 25, 1909, when he flew his Type XI
monoplane across the English Channel.
4.The first schedule air service began in Florida on
january I 1914. Glenn curtiss had designed plane that could
take off and land on water.
5.1939 world war-2, when Hitlar marched into poland there
were 300 air transport plane in US, at end of year US
aiircraft manufactures producing 50000 plane / year.
6.The jet engine- Germans were first who designed jet
aircraft (hans von ohin a student of Frnk whittle 1939).

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