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BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The current industrial methods for the synthesis of AgNPs
AgNP SYNTHESIS are environmentally toxic (Iravani, Korbekandi,
Mirmohammadi, & Zolfaghari, 2014).

METHODS OF SYNTHESIS
PHYSICAL CHEMICAL BIOLOGICAL
Low yield Highest yield Nearly equal yield

Industrially most used

Safest Environmentally friendly
Harmful byproducts

(Zhang, Liu, Shen, & Gurunathan, 2016)

There are only a few studies regarding this fruit.

Citrus fruits are generally composed of complex

carbohydrates like hemicellulose, cellulose, and
pectin and their functional groups (Emaga,
Andrianaivo, Wathelet, Tchango, & Paquot, 2007)

The biological compounds in the citrus fruits interact

with the metal powder and thereafter help them
transition from powder to particles of nanoscale (Bar,
Bhui, Sahoo, Sarkar, Pyne, & Misra, 2009).
 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

IS IT POSSIBLE TO UTILIZE
CITRUS MICROCARPA
PEELS TO
SYNTHESIZE SILVER
NANOPARTICLES?
OBJECTIVES OF SPECIFICALLY
THE STUDY
CHARACTEaRIZE AgNPs

SYNTHESIZE SILVER DETERMINE EFFECT OF

NANOPARTICLES USING AgNO3 SOLUTION
THE CRUDE PEEL CONCENTRATION
EXTRACT OF CITRUS
MICROCARPA DETERMINE EFFECT OF PEEL
EXTRACT CONCENTRATION
 TECHNOLOGY MEDICINE

LOW COST

AGRICULTURE

SIGNIFICANCE ECO FRIENDLY

OF THE STUDY
ALTERNATIVE WASTE REDUCTION
 COLLECTION
PREPARATION OF
AND PREPARATION OF
POWDERED
PROCESSING OF CALAMANSI PEEL
CITRUS
REQUIRED EXTRACT
MICROCARPA
MATERIALS
PEELS

7
CHARACTERIZATION DISPOSAL
SYNTHESIS OF OF SILVER STATISTICAL
OF
SILVER NANOPARTICLES ANALYSIS
MATERIALS
NANOPARTICLES
 WATERBATH
BEFORE AFTER
CPE served as a reducing agent, as
well as a stabilizing agent,
successfully reducing silver ions
(Ag+) from AgNO3, which lead to the
formation of metallic silver (Ag0).

The metallic silver agglomerated and

COLOR: Brownish Yellow formed clusters, which in turn lead
COLOR: Darkish Yellow
TURBIDITY: Cloudy to the formation of metallic colloidal
TURBIDITY: Clear
silver particles in the synthesis
solution (Iravani, Korbekandi,
Mirmohammadi, & Zolfaghari, 2014).
 0.45
0.4
0.35
ABSORBAMCE

0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1 Metal nanoparticles such as silver have free
0.05 electrons, thus the electrons are excited and there is
0 the presence of an SPR absorption band.
330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430 440 450
WAVELENGTH

1mM

While the synthesis solution did not exhibit an SPR

The positive control AgNO3 solution and negative
control CPE did not have yellowish brown color, nor did
they exhibit surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band at
any wavelength.
band at 420 nm, it still follows the results of the
study conducted by Desai et al. (2012), wherein they
stated that the SPR band may vary depending on
the size of the AgNPs synthesized
When the concentration of AgNO3 is increased, there are more silver ions available to be reduced, increasing the nucleation and
aggregation of AgNPs, increasing the size of the nanoparticles as a result (Dwivedi & Gopal, 2010).

0.5
0.45
0.4
0.35

ABSORBAMCE
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430 440 450
WAVELENGTH

1mM 3mM 5mM

The SPR shifted from 365 nm to 380 nm as the

concentration of AgNO3 increased from 1 to 5 mM. This
shift in the SPR band indicates that particle size increases
as the concentration of AgNO3 is increased
 0.45

0.4

0.35

0.3

ABSORBANCE
0.25

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430 440 450
WAVELENGTH

15ml extract 10ml extract 5ml extract

The SPR shifted from 365 nm to 340 nm as the concentration of CPE increased from 5
to 15 mL. This shift in the SPR band indicates the formation of smaller nanoparticles.
This may be due to the presence of secondary metabolites such has phenols,
flavonoids, tannins, etc. which are responsible for the reduction of Ag+ nanoparticles
(Ismail et al., 2018).
 ANOVA p-value Decision

Varying AgNO3 0.0741 Do not reject Ho

concentration

Varying
WITH CPE concentration
SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE 0.0198 Reject
NO SIGNIFICANT Ho
DIFFERENCE
Varying the concentration of AgNO3 This means that varying the
affects the particle size of the AgNPs, concentration of CPE affects the
varying the concentration from 1 particle size of the AgNPs, such
mM, 3 mM, and to 5 mM had very that increasing the concentration of
little effect on the particle size. CPE yields smaller AgNPs.

An imperfection may have caused the SPR at 1 mM AgNO¬3 with 5 mL CPE to

shift a bit to the right, making it similar to the SPR of the sample with 3 mM
AgNO3. This explains why the first ANOVA had no significant difference but the
second ANOVA did.
Silver nanoparticles were successfully reduced and stabilized using the
crude peel extract of Citrus microcarpa. Specifically,

a visual indicator, which was the change
in color from light yellow to yellowish
brown, was observed. Furthermore,
mean UV-Vis spectra analysis results of
the samples revealed a surface plasmon
resonance band at around 365 nm,
which was consistent with the results of
previous studies,
based on the results of the study, an
increase in AgNO3 concentration from 1
mM to 5 mM caused the surface
plasmon resonance band of the synthesis
samples to shift to the right, which
indicates an increase in the size of the
synthesized silver nanoparticles, and;

The proponents recommend that in further results also showed that an

replication or modifications of this research, the increase in the concentration of
experiment be done with more replicates, calamansi peel extract from 5 mL
preferably at least in triplicates, in order to have to 15 mL caused the surface
a more accurate mean. It is also recommended plasmon resonance band of the
that the calamansi peel powder be prepared in synthesis sample to shift to the left
one go in order for the powder to be kept in which indicates a decrease in the
the same conditions. size of the synthesized silver
nanoparticles.
REFERENCES
Bar, H., Bhui, D.K., Sahoo, G.P., Sarkar, P., Pyne, S., & Misra, A. (2009). Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using seed
extract of Jatrophacurcas. Colloids and Surfaces A-Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 348, 212-216

Desai, R., Mankad, V., Gupta, S., & Jha, P. (2012). Size Distribution of Silver Nanoparticles: UV-Visible Spectroscopic
Assessment. Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Letters, 4(1), 30-34.doi:10.1166/nnl.2012.1278

Dwivedi, A. D., & Gopal, K. (2010). Biosynthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles using Chenopodium album leaf extract.
Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 369(1-3), 27–
3doi:10.1016/j.colsurfa.2010.07.020

Emaga, T.H., Andrianaivo, R.H., Wathelet, B., Tchango, J.T., & Paquot, M. (2007). Effects of the stage of maturation and varieties
on the chemical composition of banana and plantain peels. Food Chemistry, 590-600

Iravani, S., Korbekandi, H., Mirmohammadi, S.V., & Zolfaghari, B. (2014). Synthesis of silver nanoparticles: chemical, physical
and biological methods. Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4(6), 385-406.PMCID: PMC4326978

Ismail, M., Khan, M. I., Akhtar, K., Khan, M. A., Asiri, A. M., & Khan, S. B. (2018). Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles: A
colorimetric optical sensor for detection of hexavalent chromium and ammonia in aqueous solution. Physica E:
Low-Dimensional Systems and Nanostructures, 103, 367–376. doi:10.1016/j.physe.2018.06.015

Pacioni, N., Borsarelli, C., Rey, V., Veglia, A. (2015). Synthetic Routes for the Preparation of Silver Nanoparticles. Silver
Nanoparticle Applications, Engineering Materials, 13-46.doi: 10.1007/ 978-3-319-11262-6_2

Zhang, X., Liu, Z., Shen, W., Gurunathan, S. (2016). Silver Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization, Properties, Applications,
and Therapeutic Approaches. International Journal of Molecular Science. 17 (9), 1534-