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Fig. 1:Construction of Underground Cable
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Cores or Conductors: A cable may have one or more than one
core (conductor) depending upon the type of service for which it
is intended. For instance, the 3-conductor cable shown in Fig. 1
is used for 3-phase service. The conductors are made of tinned
copper or aluminium and are usually stranded in order to
provide flexibility to the cable.
Insulation: Each core or conductor is provided with a suitable
thickness of insulation, the thickness of layer depending upon the
voltage to be withstood by the cable. The commonly used materials for
insulation are impregnated paper, varnished cambric or rubber
mineral compound.
Metallic sheath: In order to protect the cable from moisture,
Conductor gases or other damaging liquids (acids or alkalies) in the soil
and atmosphere, a metallic sheath of lead or aluminium is provided
over the insulation as shown in Fig. 1
Bedding: Over the metallic sheath is applied a layer of bedding which
consists of a fibrous material like jute or hessian tape. The purpose of
bedding is to protect the metallic sheath against corrosion and from
mechanical injury due to armouring.
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Armouring: Over the bedding, armouring is provided which consists
of one or two layers of galvanised steel wire or steel tape. Its purpose
is to protect the cable from mechanical injury while laying it and
during the course of handling. Armouring may not be done in the case
of some cables.
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Types of underground cables
The underground cables are classified in two ways; by the voltage
capacity, or by the construction.
By Voltage
LT cables: Low-tension cables with a maximum capacity of 1000 V
HT Cables: High-tension cables with a maximum of 11KV
ST cables: Super-tension cables with a rating of between 22 KV and
33 KV
EHT cables: Extra high-tension cables with a rating of between 33
KV and 66 KV
Extra super voltage cables: with maximum voltage ratings beyond
132 KV
By Construction
Belted cables: Maximum voltage of 11KVA
Screened cables: Maximum voltage of 66 KVA
Pressure cables: Maximum voltage of more than 66KVA
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Belted cables
The cores in the belted underground cables are not circular and are
insulated by impregnated paper. The cores are generally stranded
and may be of non-circular shape to make better use of available
space. In a 3 phase cable, the three cores are grouped together and
then belted with the paper belt.
The gaps between the conductors and the paper insulation are filled
with fibrous material such as the jute. This makes the cable to have
a circular cross-sectional shape. A lead sheath is used to cover the
belt hence protect it from moisture and provide mechanical
strength. The lead sheath is then covered with a single or multiple
layers of an armoring material and finally an outer cover.
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Disadvantages:
Since the electrical field in the three core cables is tangential, the
paper insulation and the fibrous materials are subjected to the
tangential electrical stresses. This stresses weakens the fibrous
material as well as the resistance and dielectric strength for the
insulation along the tangential path.
Due to the large diameter of the paper belt, bending the cable may
lead to the formation of wrinkles and gaps.
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The screened cables
There are two types of screened cables; the H type and the S.L
type.
H-type cables
In a typical 3-core cable, each of the three cores is insulated by
impregnated paper and covered by perforated aluminium foil or
other metallic screen. The arrangement of the cores is designed
to allow each of the three metallic screens to make contact with
each other. The three cores are then wrapped around using a
conduction belt made of copper woven fabric tape.
The H-type screened cable does not have an insulating belt;
however, it has the lead sheath, followed by bedding, armoring
and a then a serving. The core screens in the cable are all
electrically connected to both the conducting belt and the lead
sheath. This ensures that they are at the earth potential and all
the electrical stresses are therefore purely radial, hence reduced
dielectric losses.
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Advantages of H-type cables
Metallic screens improve the heat dissipation of the cable
No formation of air pockets and voids in the dielectric, hence a
high breakdown strength and less dielectric losses
Disadvantages H-type cables : the cables are only suitable for low
and medium voltages of up to 33KV, but can reach 66KVA at
times.
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S.L Type screened cable
The S.L type cables construction is almost like that of the H-type,
however, each of the insulated cores is covered separately with its
own lead sheath. Unlike the H-type, the S.L screened cable does not
have an overall sheath, however it has the armoring and serving.
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Electric Stress in Single-Core Cables
D= q/(2πx)
E = D/ε = q/(2πεx)
q: Charge on conductor surface (C/m)
D: Electric flux density at a radius x (C/m2)
E: Electric field (potential gradient), or electric
stress, or dielectric stress.
ε: Permittivity (ε= ε0. εr)
εr: relative permittivity or dielectric constant.
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R
qR
V E.dx ln
r
2 r
q V
E
2.x x. ln
R
r
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r: conductor radius.
R: Outside radius of insulation or inside radius of
sheath.
V: potential difference between conductor and
sheath (Operating voltage of cable).
Dielectric Strength: Maximum voltage that
dielectric can withstand before it breakdown.
Average Stress: Is the amount of voltage across the
insulation material divided by the thickness of
the insulator.
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Emax = E at x = r
= V/(r.lnR/r)
Emin = E at x = R
= V/(R.lnR/r)
For a given V and R, there is a conductor radius
that gives the minimum stress at the conductor
surface. In order to get the smallest value of Emax:
dEmax/dr =0.0
ln(R/r)=1 R/r=e=2.718
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Insulation thickness is:
R-r = 1.718 r
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Example
A single- core conductor cable of 5 km long has a
conductor diameter of 2cm and an inside diameter
of sheath 5 cm. The cable is used at 24.9 kV and 50
Hz. Calculate the following:
a- Maximum and minimum values of electric stress.
b- Optimum value of conductor radius that results in
smallest value of maximum stress.
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a- Emax = V/(r.lnR/r) = 27.17 kV/cm
Emin = V/(R.lnR/r) = 10.87 kV/cm
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Grading of Cables
Grading of cables means the distribution of
dielectric stress such that the difference between
the maximum and minimum electric stress is
reduced. Therefore, the cable of the same size
could be operated at higher voltages or for the
same operating voltage,
a cable of relatively small size could be used.
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1. Capacitance Grading
This method involves the use of two or more
layers of dielectrics having different
permittivities, those with higher permittivity
being near the conductor.
Ex =q/(2 πεo.εr .x)
The permittivity can be varied with radius x such
that (ideal case):
εr = k/x
Then Ex =q/(2 πεo. k)
Ex is constant throughout the thickness of
insulation.
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r < r1 < r2
ε1 > ε2 > ε3
r1
r2
R r ε1 ε2 ε3
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In the figure shown
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The operating voltage V is:
r1 r2 R
V E x .dx E x .dx E x .dx
r r1 r2
q r1 q r2 q R
ln ln ln
2o 1 r 2o 2 r1 2o 3 r2
r1 r2 R
V Emax r ln r1 ln r2 ln
r r1 r2
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Cable Capacitance
q
C
V
2o
1 r1 1 r 2 1 R
ln ln ln
1 r 2 r1 3 r 2
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2. Intersheath Grading
r1
r2
r ε ε ε
V
V1
V2
R V=0
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Intersheath Grading is a method of creating uniform voltage gradient across the
insulation by means of separating the insulation into two or more layers by thin
conductive strips. These strips are kept at different voltage levels through the
secondary of a transformer.
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In this method only one dielectric is used but the
dielectric is separated into two or more layers by
thin metallic intersheaths.
Emax1 = (V-V1)/(r. ln(r1/r))
Emax2 = (V1 –V2)/(r1. ln(r2/r1))
Emax3 = V2/(r2.ln(R/r2))
For the same maximum electric strength:
(r1/r) =(r2/r1) =(R/r2) = α
R/r = α3
Then: (V-V1)/(r.ln α) =(V1-V2)/(r1.ln α)=(V2/r2.ln α)
(V-V1)/r =(V1-V2)/r1= V2/r2
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If the cable does not have any intersheath, the
maximum stress is:
Emax = V/(r.ln(R/r)) = V/(3r.ln α)
The intersheath radius can be found from
R/r = α 3
(r1/r) =(r2/r1) =(R/r2) = α
The voltages V1, V2 can be found from:
(V-V1)/r =(V1-V2)/r1= V2/r2
Emax /Emax without intersheath =3/(1+ α + α 2)
where === α > 1
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Sheath Internal Radius (R)
R =1.881V / Emax
Will be proved in sections.
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Difficulties of Grading
a-Capacitance grading :
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b- Intersheath Grading
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R/r = a3
a= 1.384
(V-V1)/(r.lna) =(V1-V2)/(r1.lna)=(V2/r2.lna)
(V-V1)/(1.lna) =(V1-V2)/(1.384.lna)
=(V2/1.915.lna)
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V= 53.8 kV
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Example
Find the maximum working voltage of a single
core cable having two insulating materials A and
B and the following data. conductor radius 0.5 cm,
inside sheath radius 2.5cm. The maximum
working stress of A 60 kV/cm, maximum working
stress of B 50 kV/cm, relative permittivities of A
and B, 4 and 2.5 respectively.
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60=(q/2πεo. εAr)
q/(2πεo)=120
50=(q/2πεo. εBr1) = 120/(2.5 r1)
r1= 0.96 cm
V=q.ln(r1/r)/(2πεo. εA) + q.ln(R/r1)/(2πεo. εB)
=(120/4). ln(0.96/0.5) +(120/2.5). ln(2.5/0.96)
= 65.51 kV
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Electrical Characteristics of Cables
• Electric Stress in Single-Core Cables
• Capacitance of Single Core Cables
• Charging Current
• Insulation Resistance of Single- Core Cables
• Dielectric Power Factor & Dielectric Losses
• Heating of Cables: Core loss ; Dielectric loss and
intersheath loss
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Capacitance of Single Core Cables
Assume that the potential difference between
conductor an sheath is V, then
a charge of conductor and sheath will be +q and –
q (C/m)
C= q/V
C= 2 πε/ln(R/r) F/m
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Since ε = ε0 . εr
C= εr /(18.ln(R/r)) μF/km
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Charging Current
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Since C= 2 πε/ln(R/r) and Ich = ω.C.V
The charging current and the capacitance are
relatively greater for insulated cables than in
O.H.T Lines because of closer spacing and the
higher dielectric constant of the insulation of the
cables. The charging current is negligible for O.H
circuits at distribution voltage (Short Lines).
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Insulation Resistance
of Single- Core Cables
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R =ρ l /A
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Ri .dx
2 x l
R
dx
Ri .
r
2 l x
R
Ri . ln
2 l r
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Where:
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Dielectric Power Factor
and Dielectric Losses
When a voltage is applied across a perfect dielectric,
there is no dielectric loss because the capacitor
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Id
Id
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Power factor of dielectric :
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For a good dielectric insulation, фd is close to 90o.
Pd =I. V. Cosфd
Cos фd = Sinδ = tan δ = δ (rad)
δ is called dielectric loss angle.
The dielectric Losses: Pd
Pd = Id.V = Ic.tanδ.V = Ic.V.δ == Ic = ωCV
Pd = ωCV2δ δ is in radians
C: Cable capacitance.
V: operating voltage
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Since δ = 90- фd and δ < 0.5o for most cables.
Here Cos фd should be very small under all
operating conditions.
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Example
A single-core cable has a conductor diameter of
2 cm, inside diameter of sheath is 6 cm and
a length of 6 km. The cable is operated at 60 Hz
and 7.2 kV. The dielectric constant is 3.5, the
dielectric power factor is 0.03 (δ=Cosфd) and
dielectric resistivity of the insulation is 1.3x107
MΩ.cm.
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Calculate the following:
a- Maximum electric stress.
b- Capacitance of the cable.
c- Charging current.
d- Insulation resistance.
e- Total dielectric losses.
f- If the cable feeds a load at receiving end of 20A at
0.6 power factor lag, find sending end current and
power factor.
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Solution
a- Emax = V/(r.ln(R/r))
= 6.55 kV/cm
b- C= k/(18.ln(R/r)) μF/km
= 0.176x6 = 1.0619 μF
c- Ich = V/Xc = ω.C.V = 2.88 A
d- Ri =ρ.ln(R/r)/(2πl)
= 3.79 MΩ
e- Pd = Ich.V.Cos фd =622 W
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f- load current:
Ich= j2.88
фs = 47.55o
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Capacitance of a 3-core Cable
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=
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Measurement of Capacitance of 3-core Cables
Cy = C s + 2 C c
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Cx = 3 C s
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The capacitance per phase is given
by:
C0 = Cs + 3Cc =(Cx/3) + 3((Cy /2) - (Cx /2))
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Measurement of Capacitance of 3-core Cables
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Heating of Cables
Core loss
Dielectric loss
Intersheath loss
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