HUMAN ORGAN

SYSTEMS
ABEST UPCAT SCIENCE REVIEW
AUGUST 18, 2019
HUMAN ORGAN SYSTEMS
1. Skeletal System
2. Muscular System
3. Circulatory System
4. Respiratory System
5. Digestive System
6. Nervous System
7. Integumentary System
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Functions of the Integumentary System:
1. Protection: it protects the body’s internal
living tissues and organs; it prevents
invasion by microorganisms and
infectious organisms.
2. Cleansing: it allows for the excretion of
body wastes via sweating.
3. Stimuli reception: it acts as a receptor for
touch, pressure, pain, heat, and cold.
These stimuli from the environment are
relayed to the brain.
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Functions of the Integumentary System:
4. Storage: it stores water and fat.
5. Vitamin D production: the body’s own
supply of vitamin D increases
absorption of calcium into the
bloodstream and is essential to bone
formation.
6. Temperature regulation: it cools the
body via evaporation of sweat and
heats it up by absorption of external
heat.
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

Main organs of the Integumentary System:

1. Skin
2. Hair
3. Nails
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Layers of the Skin:
1. Epidermis: this is the outermost layer
of the skin which determines skin
color.
2. Dermis: this is the intermediate layer
of the skin which contains sensory
receptors.
3. Hypodermis: the innermost layer of
the skin which contains the means of
relaying external stimuli to the
respective processing organs.
LAYERS OF THE SKIN
EPIDERMIS

Functions of the Epidermis:

1. Provides protection against pathogens
2. Protects inner cells from physical impact, UV light, and burns
3. Waterproofs the body
4. Prevents the body from dehydration
EPIDERMIS
Structure of the epidermis:
• Stratum corneum: made up of
multiple layers of keratinocytes
which produces keratin
• Keratin is a protein which
adheres cells to one another
and forms a protective layer
around it.
EPIDERMIS
Structure of the epidermis:
• Stratum spinosum: langerhan
cells and melanocytes are
often present on this layer of
the epidermis
• Langerhan cells: immune cells
present on the skin
• Melanocytes: produces skin
pigments or melanin
DERMIS
Functions of the Dermis:
1. Regulates body temperature
2. Provides nutrients to the epidermis
3. Allows for the excretion of body waste
4. Receives sensations of touching, pressure, pain, and temperature
5. Provides skin with elasticity and resistance to distortion and distraction
DERMIS
Structure of the Dermis:
• Composed of two layers: papillary
layer and reticular layers
The dermis contains the following:
• Blood vessels
• Nerves
• Hair follicles
• Collagen
• Sweat glands
HYPODERMIS
Functions of the Hypodermis:
1. Preservation of energy
2. Insulation of the body
3. Extra cushion
4. Provision of nutrients to the
upper layers
5. Attachment of the skin to the
underlying bones and
muscles
HYPODERMIS

Also known as subcutaneous

layer or superficial fascia. Which
connects the dermis to the
underlying fascia (fibrous tissue)
of the bones and muscles.
HYPODERMIS

Structure of the hypodermis:

1. Fat cells: the basement of the skin
2. Lymphatic vessels: provides immunity for the skin
3. Blood vessels: provides nutrients to the dermis
4. Nerves: transmit stimulations from sensory receptors
 DISORDERS OF THE
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Melanoma is a skin cancer
characterized by uncontrolled
growth of melanocytes, the
pigment-producing cells in the
epidermis.
Eczema is an allergic reaction
that manifests as dry, itchy
patches of skin that resemble
rashes
Acne is a skin disturbance that typically occurs on areas of the skin that
are rich in sebaceous glands (face and back).
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Functions of the Respiratory System:
• Respiration: it is a life process common to both plants and animals which
facilitates the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the cell and
its environment.
• Simple organisms (single-celled microorganisms) respirate via their cell
membrane. A more complex method of respiration takes place as animals
become more complex.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Parts of the Respiratory System:
1. Nostrils: serve as the entrance to
your nasal cavities; a pair of
passageways separated by a
bony septum.
2. Pharynx: serves as passageway
for both air and food; serves as
an entrance to both respiratory
and digestive tracts.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Parts of the Respiratory System:
3. Larynx/Wind Pipe/Trachea:
connects the throat and mouth
to the lungs.
4. Bronchi: are two smaller pipes
which lead to either the left or
right lung; they branch into
smaller tubes within the lungs.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Parts of the Respiratory System:
5. Alveoli: microscopic air sacs in
the lungs; surrounded by tiny
blood vessels and capillaries
which facilitate the transport of
oxygen and carbon dioxide;
6. Lungs: a pair of spongy, air-filled
organs in either side of the chest
(thorax)
Types of Respiration:
1. External Respiration: the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and
the blood.
Types of Respiration:
2. Internal respiration: the exchange of gases between the blood and the
body tissues.
 DISORDERS OF THE
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Asthma is defined as a common, chronic respiratory condition that causes
difficulty breathing due to inflammation of the airways.
Emphysema is a type of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) involving
damage to the air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs. Those who suffer from emphysema
have trouble exhaling air from their lungs.
Pneumonia is a common lung disease caused by an infection in the air sacs
in the lungs. The infections can be bacterial, viral or fungal. Most people can
recover in one to three weeks, but for certain people, pneumonia can be
extremely serious and even life-threatening.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Functions of the Digestive System:

1. Production of various chemicals to break down food
2. Filtration of harmful substances
3. Absorption of nutrients, minerals, and water
4. Getting rid of solid wastes via bowel movement
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Functions of the Digestive System:
1. Physical digestion: change in the physical form of food via chewing,
tearing, grinding, mashing, and mixing
2. Chemical digestion: change in the chemical composition of food(i.e.,
conversion of lipids to fatty acids, proteins to individual amino acids, and
carbohydrates to simple sugars); breaking up and absorption of nutrients
with the help of digestive enzymes
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Parts of the Digestive Tract:
1. Mouth
2. Esophagus
3. Stomach
4. Small Intestine
5. Large intestine
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Phases of Digestion:
1. Ingestion
2. Movement
3. Digestion
4. Absorption
5. Defecation
MOUTH
MOUTH
Parts of the Mouth:
1. Teeth: used to cut, tear, crush, and grind
food.
2. Salivary glands: produce and secrete saliva
into oral cavity; classified into parotid glands
(beneath the cheeks), submaxillary glands
(below the jaw bone), and sublingual glands
(below the tongue).
MOUTH
Parts of the Mouth:
3. Saliva: moistens food and contains enzymes
(ptyalin and salivary amylase) that begins
digestion of starch into smaller
polysaccharides.
4. Tongue: mixes and rolls food into tiny
mashed-up bits; pushes the bolus toward
the pharynx and into the esophagus when
swallowing.
MOUTH AND THROAT
ESOPHAGUS
ESOPHAGUS
Characteristics of the Esophagus:
1. Straight and muscular with a tubular
structure to connect the mouth and stomach
2. Able to transport food through to the
stomach in about 4 to 8 seconds
3. Walls contain smooth muscles that contract
in a wavy motion (peristalsis)
ESOPHAGUS

Characteristics of the Esophagus:

1. Peristalsis motion propels food and liquid
slowly into the stomach
2. Ends in a cardiac sphincter (ring-like valve)
which relaxes to allow food into the stomach
PERISTALSIS
STOMACH
STOMACH
Characteristics of the Stomach:
1. J-shaped muscular sac
2. Has inner folds (rugae) that increase the
surface area of the stomach
3. Churns and grinds together the bolus into
smaller pieces
STOMACH
Characteristics of the Stomach:
4. Excretes gastric juices (hydrochloric acid and
enzymes) through its stomach walls
5. Breaks down food and kills bacteria that
came along with the food with the help of
hydrochloric acid
STOMACH
Characteristics of the Stomach:
6. Converts bolus into liquid (chyme) after 4
hours of mechanical and chemical digestion
7. Ends in the pyloric sphincter (another valve)
which allows chyme to pass through to the
small intestine
STOMACH
STOMACH
Digestive Aides in the Stomach:
1. Pepsin: major enzyme which converts
proteins into peptides in the presence of
hydrochloric acid.
2. Mucus: lubricates food and protects the
gastric lining from strong digestive juices.
SMALL INTESTINE
SMALL INTESTINE
Characteristics of the Small Intestine:
1. Long, coiled, and tubular
2. Is the site with the greatest amount of
digestion and absorption
3. Takes about 4-8 hours to complete its
journey
4. Conducts absorbed materials from food into
the blood and other body parts through the
mucosa
SMALL INTESTINE
Characteristics of the Small Intestine:
5. Site where the pancreatic enzymes are
emptied into
6. Has folded inner walls covered with
fingerlike projections (villi; sing. villus) and
microvilli which absorb digested food
7. Undergoes similar movement to that of the
esophagus (peristalsis)
SMALL INTESTINE
Segments of the Small Intestine:
1. Duodenum: about 10 inches in length; upper
part where the digestive juices from the
pancreas and liver combine with chyme to
make it thin and watery
2. Jejunum: about 8 feet in length
3. Ileum: about 12 feet in length
SMALL INTESTINE
LARGE INTESTINE
LARGE INTESTINE
Characteristics of the Large Intestine:
1. Also known as colon
2. Has larger diameter than the small intestine
but is shorter in length (about 5 feet)
3. Site where water is absorbed from
undigested food making the waste harder
until it becomes solid
LARGE INTESTINE
Characteristics of the Small Intestine:
1. Holds waste for 10-12 hours
2. Waste is pushed into the expanded portion
of the large intestine (rectum)
3. Waste to be excreted is pushed through the
anus as feces
4. Right next to the appendix, which hangs on
the right side of the large intestine
LARGE INTESTINE
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Accessory Parts of the Digestive System:
1. Teeth
2. Tongue
3. Salivary Glands
4. Liver
5. Gall Bladder
6. Pancreas
ACCESSORY PARTS
ACCESSORY PARTS

Function of the Accessory Parts:

1. Aids in the physical and chemical breakdown
of food from intake to excretion
2. Produce or store enzymes which help in
digestion
TEETH
LIVER
Functions of the Liver:
1. Stores vitamins A, D, E, and K
2. Stores sugar and glycogen
3. Produces a watery, greenish substance called
bile
4. Secretes bile to the gall bladder via the
hepatic duct and cystic duct
GALL BLADDER
Functions of the Gall Bladder:
1. Stores bile in between meals
2. Secretes bile to the duodenum through the
bile duct during mealtime

* Bile: contains bile salts, pigments, cholesterol,

and phospholipids; is an emulsifier which
dissolves fat into the watery contents of the
intestine
PANCREAS
Functions of the Pancreas:
1. Produces a juice which contains enzymes
(amylase and insulin) to break down
carbohydrates, fats, and protein
2. Secretes the juice into the duodenum
through the pancreatic duct
PATH OF DIGESTION
Path of Digestion:
1. Mouth
2. Pharynx
3. Esophagus
4. Stomach
5. Small Intestine
6. Large Intestine
7. Anus
PATH OF DIGESTION
NERVOUS SYSTEM
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Functions of the Nervous System:
1. Serves as the control center for all body
activities
2. Responds and adapts to changes that occur
both inside and outside of the body (pain,
temperature, pregnancy)
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Major Divisions of the Nervous System:
1. Central Nervous System: comprises the
command center of the body.
2. Peripheral Nervous System: network of
connections which expedite the tasks of the
central nervous system.
CENTRAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Components of the Central Nervous System:
1. Neurons: miscroscopic nerve cells which
make up the brain, spinal cord, and nerves
2. Brain: a mass of 100 billion neurons located
inside the skull
3. Spinal Cord: column of nerves from brain to
tailbone; responsible for conducting
between the brain and the rest of the body

* Impulses may travel as fast as 268 mi/hr.

NEURONS
NEURONS
Characteristics of Neurons:
1. So small that 30,000 neurons can fit in a
single pinhead
2. They do not touch and are separated by
gaps called synapses
3. Messages are sent between the gaps via
special chemicals called neurotransmitters
NEURONS
Parts of Neurons:
1. Cell body: contains the nucleus of the
neuron
2. Dendrites: fibers that receive messages from
other neurons
3. Axons: fibers that send messages to other
neurons
NEURONS
NEURONS
Communication Between Neurons:
1. The use of neurotransmitters causes an
electrical current.
2. Neurotransmitters travel through the
synapse and are passed from one neuron’s
axon to another neuron’s dendrite.

* There is enough electrical current in the brain

to power a flashlight.
BRAIN
BRAIN
Parts of the Brain:
1. Cerebrum: largest part of the human brain;
responsible for thought, language, senses,
memory, and voluntary movement
2. Cerebellum: found at the base of the brain;
responsible for muscle coordination, balance,
and posture
BRAIN

Parts of the Brain:

3. Brain Stem: connects the brain to the spinal
cord; responsible for breathing, swallowing,
hearbeat, and blood pressure
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

Components of the Peripheral Nervous System:

1. Nerves: visible bundles of axons and
dendrites that extend from the brain and
spinal cord to all other parts of the body
NERVES
NERVES

Types of Nerves:
1. Sensory Nerves: carry messages from the
body to brain (pain, pressure, temperature)
2. Motor Nerves: carry messages from the
brain to the body; allows the body’s
response to stimuli
PROBLEMS OF THE
NERVOUS SYSTEM
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Problems of the Nervous System:
1. Concussion: a temporary disturbance of the
brain’s ability to function due to a hard blow
to the head
2. Paralysis: a loss of sensation and movement
of part of the body due to an injury of the
spinal cord or brain
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Problems of the Nervous System:
3. Parkinson’s Disease: caused by the inability
of the brain to produce enough of the
neurotransmitters that relay messages from
the brain to the muscles; symptoms include
tremors, rigid muscles, shuffling walk, and
loss of facial expression
PARKINSON’S DISEASE

Red areas show where

chemicals are stored.
NERVOUS SYSTEM

Problems of the Nervous System:

4. Alzheimer’s Disease: a gradual shrinking of
the neurons in the cerebrum which may
eventually lead to death; symptoms include
memory loss, emotional disturbances, and
inability to function on one’s own
ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE
NERVOUS SYSTEM

Problems of the Nervous System:

5. Epilepsy: abnormal transmission of messages
between the neurons in the brain; symptoms
include seizures