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GENERATIONS OF

COMPUTER
Presented by: Group 7
1st Generation (1940 – 1956)
Vacuum Tubes
1st Generation (1940 – 1956)
Vacuum Tubes
■ Early computers used vacuum tubes as circuitry and magnetic drums for memory.
■ Input was based on punched cards and paper tape, and output was displayed on
print-outs.
– Ex. UNIVAC and ENIAC machine/computers
■ Advantages:
– Vacuum tubes were the only electronic component available during those days.
– Vacuum tube technology made possible to make electronic digital computers.
– These computers could calculate data in millisecond.
1st Generation (1940 – 1956)
Vacuum Tubes

A UNIVAC computer at the


Census Bureau.
1st Generation (1940 – 1956)
Vacuum Tubes
■ Disadvantages:
– They were enormous (literally taking up entire rooms and costing a fortune to
run)
– Were inefficient materials which generated a lot of heat, sucked huge
electricity and subsequently generated a lot of heat which caused ongoing
breakdowns.
– First generation computers relied on machine language ( the most basic
programming language that can be understood by computers, to perform
operations) and they could only solve one problem at a time.
2nd Generation (1956 – 1963)
Transistors
■ The transistors were far superior to the vacuum tubes, allowing computers to be
smaller, faster, cheaper and less heavy on electricity use.
■ They still relied on punched card for input/print-outs.
■ Second generation computers moved from cryptic binary language to symbolic
(‘assembly’) languages, which allowed programmers to create instructions in words.
■ These were also the first computers to store instructions into their memories –
moving from magnetic drum to magnetic core ‘technology’.
■ The early versions of these machines were developed for the atomic energy industry.
2nd Generation (1956 – 1963)
Transistors
2nd Generation (1956 – 1963)
Transistors
■ Advantages:
– Smaller in size as compared to the first generation computers.
– The 2nd generation Computers were more reliable
– Used less energy and were not heated.
– Wider commercial use
– Better portability as compared to the first generation computers.
– Better speed and could calculate data in microseconds
– Used faster peripherals like tape drives, magnetic disks, printer etc.
– Used Assembly language instead of Machine language.
– Accuracy improved.
2nd Generation (1956 – 1963)
Transistors
■ Disadvantages:
– Cooling system was required
– Constant maintenance was required
– Commercial production was difficult
– Only used for specific purposes
– Costly and not versatile
– Punch cards were used for input.
3rd Generation (1964 - 1971)
Integrated Circuits
■ The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of
computers.
■ Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips called semiconductors,
which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers.
■ These were the first computers where users interacted using keyboards and
monitors which interfaced with an operating system, a significant leap up from the
punch cards and printouts, which enabled machines to run several applications at
once using a central program which functioned to monitor memory.
3rd Generation (1964 - 1971)
Integrated Circuits
3rd Generation (1964 - 1971)
Integrated Circuits
■ Advantages:
– Smaller in size as compared to previous generations.
– More reliable.
– Used less energy
– Produced less heat as compared to the previous two generations of computers.
– Better speed and could calculate data in nanoseconds.
– Used fan for heat discharge to prevent damage.
– Maintenance cost was low because hardware failure is rare.
– Totally general purpose
– Could be used for high-level languages.
3rd Generation (1964 - 1971)
Integrated Circuits
■ Advantages:
– Good storage
– Versatile to an extent
– Less expensive
– Better accuracy
– Commercial production increased.
– Used mouse and keyboard for input.
■ Disadvantages:
– Air conditioning was required.
– Highly sophisticated technology required for the manufacturing of IC chips.
4th Generation (1972 – 2010)
Microprocessors
■ The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers as thousands of
integrated circuit were built into silicon chip.
■ The Intel 4004 chip(1971) – used to control CPU and memory to input output
controls on a single chip.
■ The year 1981 saw the first ever computer (IBM) specifically designed for home use
and 1984 saw the MacIntosh introduced by Apple.
■ The increased power of these small computers meant they could be linked, creating
networks, which ultimately led to the development, birth and rapid evolution of the
Internet.
4th Generation (1972 – 2010)
Microprocessors
4th Generation (1972 – 2010)
Microprocessors
■ Advantages:
– More powerful and reliable than previous generations.
– Small in size
– Fast processing power with less power consumption
– Fan for heat discharging and thus to keep cold.
– No air conditioning required.
– Totally general purpose
– Commercial production
– Less need of repair.
– Cheapest among all generations
– All types of High level languages can be used in this type of computers
4th Generation (1972 – 2010)
Microprocessors
■ Disadvantages:
– The latest technology is required for manufacturing of Microprocessors.
5th Generation (2010 - )
Artificial Intelligence
(AI)
■ Fifth generation computing devices based on artificial intelligence are still in
development, though there are some applications such as voice recognition that are
being used today.
■ AI is a reality made possible by using parallel processing and superconductors.
Leaning to the future, computers will be radically transformed again by quantum
computation, molecular and nano technology.
■ The essence of fifth generation will be using these technologies to ultimately create
machines which can process and respond to natural language, and have capability
to learn and organize thems

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