The Digestive

System
dr. Susan Tarawifa, M. biomed
Functions of the Digestive System
• Ingest food

• Break down food into nutrient molecules

• Absorb molecules into the bloodstream

• Rid the body of indigestible remains

Main Divisions of the Digestive System

• Alimentary Canal
• Contains the following organs:
• Mouth, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small and Large
Intestines
• Accessory Digestive Organs
• Contains the following organs:
• Teeth, Tongue, Gallbladder, Salivary Glands, Liver, and
Pancreas
Digestive System Divisions
Digestive Processes
• Ingestion
• Mechanical digestion
• Chemical digestion
• Propulsion
• Absorption
• Defecation
Anatomy of the Mouth
Features and Functions of the Mouth
• Vestibulum oris : area bounded by lips and cheeks externally
and teeth and gums internally

• Cavitas oris propia/buccal

- anterior : lips
- Lateral : cheek
- Superior : palatum durum & palatum mole
- Inferior : 2/3 anterior of tounge
- Posterior : Isthmus Faucium

Dari batas gusi

sampeIsmus faucium
batas mulut dan laring
Features and Functions of the Teeth
• Break food into smaller parts, increasing surface area for
digestion

• Types of Teeth
• Deciduous Teeth (“baby” teeth)
. 4 incisors, 2 canines, 4 molars

• Permanent Teeth
. 4 incisors, 2 canines, 4 premolars, 6 molars

• Incisors- cutting and shredding

• Canines- piercing and tearing
• Molars- grinding
• Premolars- grinding and crushing
Tooth Structure
Crown: exposed
portion of tooth
covered by enamel
which covers dentin
Root: internal portion
that is beneath the
gums (gingiva) and is
anchored by
periodontal ligaments
Anatomy of the Tongue
Features and Functions of the Tongue
• Pars oralis
Sulcus terminalis
• Pars pharyngealis

• Three surface features:

• Filiform papillae (roughness and grip)
• Fungiform papillae (contains taste buds)
• Circumvallate papillae (contains taste buds)
 • Helps grind food into a bolus which contains partially
digested food and saliva
• Helps form words and is a sensory organ for taste
Nervus Motorik hipoglosus
glosofaring Membemtuk makanan
di oralis menjadi bolus dan
nervus membantu mendorong
lingualis bag makanan masuk ke dalam
posterior faring, pada saat bicara
(sensorik) untuk membentuk kata
,pengecap
Pharynx

Choana
Ismus faucium
aditus laringeus
 3 tonsil tonsila
• Structure of pharyngeal waal : paltina,lingual,
1. Mucous membrane >> lymphoid pharyngeal
tissue >> ring of waldeyer
2. Fibrous membran
3. Muscular coat
- Outer circular layer : m. constrictor sup, med, inf
- Inner longitudinal layer : m. stylopharyngeus, m.
salpingopharyngeus, m. palatopharyngeus
4. Buccopharyngeal fascia
 Deglutition and the Pharynx

Makanan masuk jadi bolus didorong lidah masuk ke faring lalu terjadilah
fefleks menelan rdpt musculus sfongter esofagus pada saat bernafas dia
menarik glottis sehingga terbuka pada saat menelan dia relaksasi segingga
glottos tertutup,terus sfingter tu berkontraksi terus dia juga bisa mencegah
makanan naik ke atas lagi dibantu oleh otot dan gerakan peristaltik
Anatomy of the Esophagus
Features and Functions of the
Esophagus
• Muscular tube that propels food to stomach;
bolus enters stomach through esophageal
hiatus
• Skeletal muscle (upper third for swallowing)
and smooth muscle (lower third) for
peristalsis
• Esophageal glands – produce mucus to
lubricate bolus
• Esophageal sphincter – prevents backflow
into oral cavity
• Cardiac sphincter- prevents backflow into
esophagus
Anatomy of the Stomach
Features and Functions of the Stomach
 Temporary storage area for food and allows it to mix with gastric juice to
produce chyme
 Regions: pars cardiac, corpus gastricum, pars pylorica
 Greater and Lesser Curvatures: connected to greater and lesser
omentums
 Muscle layers arranged circularly, longitudinally, AND obliquely (aids in
digestion)

Gaster bagian dalam dilapisi epitel silindris terdapat

gastric pits menjadi juices yng mengubah bolus jadi
kimus terdapat sel goblet untuk menghasilkan
mujosa sel parietal yang menghasilkan hcl yng
mengubahpepsinogenmenjadi pepsin....
Microscopic Anatomy of the Stomach
• Simple columnar epithelium – contains gastric pits
that secrete gastric juices
• Goblet cells – secrete mucus that coats stomach
and prevents it from being digested itself
• Parietal cells – secrete hydrochloric acid (converts
pepsinogen into pepsin) and intrinsic factor
(necessary for absorption of vitamin B12)
• Chief cells – secrete pepsinogen which is
converted to pepsin to aid in protein digestion
• Enteroendocrine cells – release hormones such as:
• Histamine, Serotonin, Gastrin, Endorphins, and
Somatostatin
• Histamine
- activates parietal cells to release HCl
• Serotonin
- contraction of stomach muscle
• Gastrin
- gastric glands to increase secretion
• Endorphins
- natural opiates
• Somatostatin
- sympathetic n.s.
- inhibits gastric secretion
- inhibits gastric emptying
Microscopic Anatomy of the Digestive
System
Anatomy of the Small
Intestine
Features and Functions of the Small
Intestine
• Receives chyme from stomach; performs
majority of digestion and absorption of
nutrients
• Regions:
• Duodenum (upper region receiving chyme from
stomach and digestive enzymes from pancreas
and bile from liver and gallbladder)
• Jejunum
• Ileum (lower regions where absorption occurs)
duodenum

- Plicae circulares, KERCKRING's folds: increase

the absorptive surface
- Papilla duodeni major (ampulla of VATER) at
the entrance of the Ductus pancreaticus (duct
of WIRSUNG) and (Ductus choledochus)
Plak peyer sebagai organ
limfoid sebagai sistem
imun
Microscopic Anatomy of Small Intestine
• Villi: fingerlike projections that increase the
surface area of the SI
• Microvilli: tiny projections on the plasma
membranes of columnar cells that appear
fuzzy (i.e. brush border cells)
• Crypts of Lieberkuhn: secrete intestinal
juice and special lysozymes that protect
against bacteria
• Peyer’s Patches: aggregated lymphoid
tissues containing lymphocytes
Secretions of the Small
Intestine
Secretin: released by enteroendocrine cells when acidic
chyme enters SI; causes release of bicarbonate-rich
pancreatic juices
Somatostatin: slows gastric motility and emptying and
inhibits production of gastric secretions
Cholecystokinin (CCK): released when fatty, protein-rich
chyme enters SI; causes release of enzyme-rich
pancreatic juices and bile
Brush border enzymes: process long peptides, nucleic
acids, and sugars into smaller ones
Anatomy of the Colon
Gross Anatomy of the Large Intestine
Teniae Coli: bands of smooth muscle that create pocket-
like sacs (haustra)
Cecum: sac-like connection between the small and large
intestines
Appendix: small structure containing lymphoid tissue;
small immune function
Ascending, Descending, Transverse, and Sigmoid Colon
Splenic and hepatic flexure
Rectum: storage area
Anus: regulates defecation with two sphincter muscles;
internal and external
Features and Functions of the Large
Intestine
• Functions:
• Reabsorption of remaining water and electrolytes
• Production and absorption of Vitamins B and K
• Elimination of feces
• Diameter is only 7 cm but is larger than that of the small
intestine
Microscopic Anatomy of the Large
Intestine
• Simple columnar epithelium for absorption
except in the anal canal where there is
stratified squamous
• No villi, no digestive-secreting cells
• Goblet cells produce mucus for lubrication of
feces
• Bacterial flora synthesize vitamin B and most
of the vitamin K needed for blood clotting