SCHOOLS OF

PSYCHOLOGY
& MOTIVATION
SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT IN
PSYCHOLOGY
SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT IN PSYCHOLOGY

From the late 1800’s until the late 1930’s, psychologist

were divided about what they should study and how
they should study it.

Four major schools developed. These schools were:

 Structuralism
 Behaviourism
 Gestalt psychology
 Psychoanalysis
STRUCTURALISM
STRUCTURALISM

 It was Wilhelm Wundt’s approach which focuses on

uncovering the fundamental mental components of
consciousness, thinking and other kinds of mental
states and abilities.

 focused on uncovering the fundamental mental

components of perception, consciousness, thinking,
emotions, and other kinds of mental states and
activities.
INTROSPECTION

In this technique, subjects were trained to observe report

as accurately as they could their mental processes, feelings
and experiences.
BEHAVIORISM
BEHAVIORISM

This was introduced by an American Psychologist, John

B. Watson in 1913. he believed that observable
behaviours and not inner experience, was the only
reliable source of information.

This concentration on observable events was a reaction

against the structuralists’ emphasis on introspection.
LITTLE ALBERT EXP

The little albert experiment was a

controlled experiment done by John B.
Watson himself, showing empirical
evidence of classical conditioning in
humans. This study also provides an
example of stimulus generalization.
LITTLE PETER EXP

The little Peter Experiment was in contrast

with that of Little albert. The pioneer of this
experiments was Mary Cover-Jones and was
also known to be “the mother of behaviour
therapy”

In this experiment, Cover-jones used the

systematic disensitization technique to cure
the conditioned fear (phobia) of little peter
by gradually exposing the child to the rabbit.
GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY
GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY

This school of thought was introduced by a German

psychologist, Max Wertheimer. This movement was
developed as a reaction against structuralism. Gestalt
psychologists’ believed that human beings and other
animals perceive the external world as an organized
pattern, not as individual sensations.
GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY

Gestalt psychology was very famous with it’s line:

“The whole is greater than

the sum of it’s parts”
GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY
GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY

Max Wertheimer:
Regarded as one of the three founders of Gestalt
psychology, Wertheimer is also known for his concept of
the phi phenomenon. The phi phenomenon involves
perceiving a series of still images in rapid succession in
order to create the illusion of movement.
PHI PHENOMENON
PHI PHENOMENON
PSYCHOANALYSIS

“One day, in retrospect, the years of

struggle will strike you as the most
beautiful.”
Sigmund Freud
PSYCHOANALYSIS

Psychoanalysis was founded by an Austrian

neurologist, Sigmund Freud. Psychoanalysis
was based on the theory that behavior is
determined by powerful inner focus, most of
which are buried in the unconscious mind.
PSYCHOANALYSIS
TOPOGRAPHIC MODEL

The mind is divided into conscious,

preconscious, and unconscious systems. The
conscious system includes all that we are
subjectively aware of in our minds.
TOPOGRAPHIC MODEL
STRUCTURAL MODEL

This is perhaps the most famous

psychoanalytic model of the mind, the
structural model divides the mind into three
mental agencies or structures: the id, ego and
the superego.
STRUCTURAL MODEL
PLAY THERAPY

Psychoanalytic constructs can be adapted and modified to both age and

managed care through the use of play therapy such as; art therapy,
creative writing, sand tray therapy, story telling bibliotherapy and
analytical psychodrama.

Ana Freud adapted psychoanalysis for children through play. Using

this toys and games to enhance the relationship with the child.
*Free association*
Free Association

The most famous and controversial psychoanalytic approach was the

Free association, a concept learned by Freud from Josef Breuer.

*The Case of Anna O. A woman with Hysteria*

ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY

“I am not what happened to me.

I am what I choose to become.”
Carl Jung
LEVELS OF PSYCHE

CONSCIOUS – saw Ego as the Centre of Consciousness but not the personality.

PERSONAL UNCONSCIOUS – It contains repressed infantile memories and

impulses, forgotten events, and experiences originally perceived below the
threshold of our consciousness.

COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS – does not refer to inherited ideas but rather to

humans’ innate tendency to react in a particular way whenever their experiences
stimulate a biologically inherited response tendency.
INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY
 STYLE OF LIFE

Style of life is the term Adler used to refer to the flavor of a

person’s life. It includes a person’s goal, self-concept, feelings for
others, and attitude toward the world.

*Exaggerated Physical Deficiencies – People with exaggerated

physical deficiencies sometimes develop exaggerated feelings of
inferiority because they overcompensate for their inadequacy.
 STYLE OF LIFE

Style of life is the term Adler used to refer to the flavor of a

person’s life. It includes a person’s goal, self-concept, feelings for
others, and attitude toward the world.

*Pampered Style of Life – A pampered style of life lies at the heart of

most neuroses. Pampered people have weak social interest but a strong
desire to perpetuate the pampered, parasitic relationship they originally
had with one or both of their parents.
 STYLE OF LIFE

p Style of life is the term Adler used to refer to the flavor of

aerson’ s life. It includes a person’s goal, self-concept, feelings for
others, and attitude toward the world.

*Neglected Style of Life – Children who feel unloved and unwanted

are likely to borrow heavily from these feelings in creating a
neglected style of life.
 LOGOTHERAPY

“When a person can’t find a deep

sense of meaning, they distract
themselves with pleasure.”
Viktor Frankl
 LOGOTHERAPY

Logotherapy was developed

by neurologist and psychiatrist Viktor Frankl, on a concept based
on the premise that the primary motivational force of an
individual is to find a meaning in life. Logotherapy is based on
an existential analysis focusing on Kierkegaard's will to
meaning.
 LOGOTHERAPY

The powerful message in the Greatest Salesman in the World,

provided by one of the best writers, Og Mandino:

“Weak is he who permits his thoughts to control his actions;

strong is he who forces his actions to control his thoughts.”
HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY

“What a man can be, He must be”

Abraham Maslow
HIERARCHY OF NEEDS

is a theory in psychology proposed by Abraham Maslow in

his 1943 paper "A Theory of Human Motivation“
in Psychological Review. Maslow subsequently extended
the idea to include his observations of humans' innate
curiosity.
HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY

“When you accept yourself just as

who you are, then you can
change.”
Carl Rogers
PERSON-CENTERED THERAPY

Also known as Client-Centered Therapy, a non-directive or

Rogerian therapy. Rogers challenged belief that clients cannot
understand & resolve their own problems with direct help
from experts.
UNDERSTANDING
MENTAL ILLNESS
AMONG FILIPINOS
 mte

MENTAL HEALTH IN THE

PHILIPPINES
Lapuz, a noted Filipino psychiatrist, said that to understand mental illness among
Filipinos the following must be considered:

1. The Filipino expresses his feelings through actions and body language.
2. Mental illness is characterized by intense fear. Fear is normal phobia but intense fear
constraints normal body functioning and movement.
3. Depression exists even if Filipinos have developed mechanism of refusal or denial.
4. Hysterical outbursts which is worse than restless outcry (pag-alburuto) is an accepted
means of expressing anger and frustrations. It is not necessarily a symptom of mental
illness.
5. Obsessive-compulsive symptoms are rarely found in Filipinos.
6. Filipinos have no concept of Bipolar disorder, only toyoin, matampuhin. Sumpungin.