COMPUTER SYSTEMS

SERVICING
NC-II

Presented By:-
Horacio N. Aceveda Jr.
 COMPUTER
Computer is a electronics machine made with
electronics devices which accept the data as input,
process the data based on instruction given &
produce the output on the output device.
The main advantages of computers is its storage
capability. which can store data & timely retrieve
as & when required.
 COMPUTER
ARCHITECHTURE

Processing unit

Control unit
input output
Arithmetical &
logical unit

Storage unit
 Input:-
This the process of computer accepting the data
instruction through input device.
Example:- keyboard, scanner
 processing :-
This the process of performing of lesion such as
arithithmatical & logical operation based on set
instruction given.
 Processing Unit:-
It consists of two parts control unit & Arithmetical &
Logical Unit. The control unit control the flow of data
from various input output devices & internal component.
ALU performing data processing.
Example:- processor
 Output:-
The process data from CPU which is in the
form of machine level language will be
converted into user under stable language &
then feed to the output device.
 Storage Unit:-
The storage unit is used to store data &
information permanently for future retrieval.
 System unit
The system unit is the core of a computer system. Usually it's a
rectangular box placed on or underneath your desk. Inside this
box are many electronic components that process information.
The most important of these components is the central processing
unit (CPU), or microprocessor, which acts as the "brain" of your
computer. Another component is random access memory (RAM),
which temporarily stores information that the CPU uses while
the computer is on. The information stored in RAM is erased
when the computer is turned off. Almost every other part of your
computer connects to the system unit using cables. The cables
plug into specific ports (openings), typically on the back of the
system unit. Hardware that is not part of the system unit is
sometimes called a peripheral device or device.
 PROCESSOR
 Processor is the brain of the brain of the
computer.
 Data processing & execution of data's is
perform in it.
 INSIDE COMPONENT OF
MICROPROCESSOR
TRANSISTOR:-
 It is the basic component of microprocessor.
 Transistors are act as on/off switch inside the
microprocessor.
 CLOCK
 Clock is the internal component of
microprocessor which measures the
speed at which the microprocessor
executes the instruction . This is called
clock speed.
 Clock speed is measured in terms of
MHz or Ghz.
INTEGRATED CIRCUIT:-
 An IC is an electronic device in which large
circuit is suppressed into a small circuit.
 An IC consists of transistor, register, & other
elements.

Integrated circuit
 RESISTORS:-
 The resistors are the local storage area of
microprocessor.
 The resistor holds the data's while the
microprocessor works on a task.
BUS INTERFACE UNIT (BIU)
 It is the component of the microprocessor that
helps the microprocessor that t helps the
microprocessor to communicate with the rest
part of the computer.
 L1 CACHE:-
 It is kwon as primary cache memory.
 It is built inside microprocessor.
 The sizes is up to 8 to 64 kb
 L2 CACHE:-
 It is known as the secondary cache
memory.
 It is a separate chip on the motherboard.
 The sizes is up to 2 MB to 3 MB
 BRANCH PREDICTION UNIT
(BPU):-
 The branch prediction unit is
responsible for branching the
instruction.
 HOW MICROPROCESSOR
WORKS?

The microprocessor works on the following 4

way:-
1.Fetch:-
Fetch is the process of loading the instruction to
be executed from the computer memory.
PREFETCHING:-
Pre fetching is the process of loading the next
instruction to be executed.
2. DECODE:-
Decode is the process of transferring the data
into a coded form that can be understood by
the microprocessor.
3.EXECUTE:-
process the data , perform arithmetical &
logical operation.
4.STORE:-
Store the result of execution in the computer
memory or resistor
 start

Fetch the instruction

Decode into
binary form

execute

store

end
MICROPROCESSOR
NAMES:-

1. Core to duo
2. Dual core
3. Core to guard
4. Core to extreme
5. Intel Pentium pro
6. Intel Pentium Xeon
 Types of RAM
  static RAM(SRAM)
  dynamic RAM (DRAM)
 Fast Page Mode Dynamic RAM(FPMDRAM)
 Extended Data Out RAM(EDORAM)
 Synchronous Dynamic RAM(SDRAM)
 Dual Data Rate SDRAM(DDRSDRAM)
 Ram bus Dynamic RAM(RDRAM)
 Dual data Rate
 Dual Data Rate2
 Video RAM
 Memory Mapping
 The classification of Ram into different area &
identifying which process in CPU should be
allocated to which memory area is known as
memory mapping.
 Memory Mapping

Extended Memory Area

64kb
High memory Area
384kb Primary Reservation

Upper Memory Area 640kb

Conventional Memory Area

 ROM (read-only memory) 
 Computers almost always contain a small amount of read-only
memory that holds instructions for starting up the computer.
Unlike RAM, ROM cannot be written to.
 Types of ROM
 PROM(programmable read-only memory): A PROM is a
memory chip on which you can store a program. But once the
PROM has been used, you cannot wipe it clean and use it to store
something else. Like ROMs, PROMs are non-volatile.
 EPROM (erasable programmable read-only memory): An
EPROM is a special type of PROM that can be erased by exposing
it to ultraviolet light.
 EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable read-only
memory):An EEPROM is a special type of PROM that can be
erased by exposing it to an electrical charge.
 Storage
Your computer has one or more disk drives—devices
that store information on a metal or plastic disk. The
disk preserves the information even when your
computer is turned off.
Hard disk drive
Your computer's hard disk drive stores information on
a hard disk—a rigid platter or stack of platters with a
magnetic surface. Because hard disks can hold massive
amounts of information, they usually serve as your
computer's primary means of storage, holding almost
all of your programs and files. The hard disk drive is
normally located inside the system unit.
Hard Disk
Hard drive physical component

PLATTERS: 
 Platter is a circular, metal disk that is mounted
inside a hard disk drive. Several platters are
mounted on a fixed spindle motor to create more
data storage surfaces in a smaller area. The platter
has a core made up of aluminium or glass
substrate, covered with a thin layer of Ferric oxide
or cobalt alloy. On both sides of the substrate
material, a thin coating is deposited by a special
manufacturing technique. This, thin coating
where actual data is stored is the media layer.
 TRACKS 
 Each platter is broken into thousands of tightly
packed concentric circles, known as tracks.
These tracks resemble the structure of annual
rings of a tree. All the information stored on
the hard disk is recorded in tracks. Starting
from zero at the outer side of the platter, the
number of tracks goes on increasing to the
inner side. Each track can hold a large amount
of data counting to thousands of bytes.
 SECTORS
 Each track is further broken down into smaller
units called sectors. As sector is the basic unit
of data storage on a hard disk. A single track
typically can have thousands of sectors and
each sector can hold more than 512 bytes of
data. A few additional bytes are required for
control structures and error detection and
correction.
 CLUSTERS
 Sectors are often grouped together to form
Clusters. Generally size of cluster is 4 kb
 READ/WRITE HEADS
 The heads are an interface between the magnetic
media where the data is stored and electronic
components in the hard disk. The heads convert the
information, which is in the form of bits to magnetic
pulses when it is to be stored on the platter and
reverses the process while reading. Each platter has
two read/write heads, one mounted on the top and
the other one at the bottom. These heads are
mounted on head sliders, which are suspended at
the ends of head arms. The head arms are all fused
into a singular structure called actuator, which is
responsible for their movement.
 THE SPINDLE MOTOR: 
 Spindle motor plays an important role in hard
drive operation by turning the hard disk
platters. A spindle motor must provide stable,
reliable, and consistent turning power for
many hours of continuous use. Many hard
drive failures occur due to spindle motor not
functioning properly
HARD DISK LOGIC BOARD
 Hard disk is made with an intelligent circuit
board integrated into the hard disk unit. It is
mounted on the bottom of the base casting
exposed to the outer side. The read/write
heads are linked to the logic board through a
flexible ribbon cable.
 Jumper For IDE/ATA drive
 Jumper:-
It is a small piece of Plastic & metal that is used
to connect & remove hardware devices from
computer.
CD and DVD drives:-
Nearly all computers today come equipped
with a CD or DVD drive, usually located on the
front of the system unit. CD drives use lasers to
read (retrieve) data from a CD; many CD
drives can also write (record) data onto CDs. If
you have a recordable disk drive, you can store
copies of your files on blank CDs. You can also
use a CD drive to play music CDs on your
computer.
CD and DVD drives:-
 Floppy disk drive:-
Floppy disk drives store information on floppy
disks, also called floppies or diskettes.
Compared to CDs and DVDs, floppy disks can
store only a small amount of data. They also
retrieve information more slowly and are more
prone to damage. For these reasons, floppy
disk drives are less popular than they used to
be, although some computers still include
them.
Floppy Disk
 Mouse
A mouse is a small device used to point to and
select items on your computer screen. Allows
the entry of data and executes programs.
 Keyboard
 A keyboard is used mainly for typing text into your
computer. Like the keyboard on a typewriter, it has
keys for letters and numbers, but it also has special
keys:
 The function keys, found on the top row, perform
different functions depending on where they are used.
 The numeric keypad, located on the right side of most
keyboards, allows you to enter numbers quickly.
 The navigation keys, such as the arrow keys, allow
you to move your position within a document or
webpage.
Keyboard
 BIOS
 The Basic Input/output System controls the
computer’s basic operations and is responsible
for starting up the computer and hardware.
 Its most important role is to load the operating
system.
 Some of the other common tasks that the BIOS
performs include:
 Check the CMOS Setup for custom settings
 Load the interrupt handlers and device drivers
 Initialize registers and power management
 Perform the power-on self-test (POST)
 Display system settings
 Determine which devices are bootable
 Monitor
 A monitor displays information in visual form,
using text and graphics. The portion of the
monitor that displays the information is called
the screen. Like a television screen, a computer
screen can show still or moving pictures.
 There are two basic types of monitors: CRT
(cathode ray tube) monitors and the newer LCD
(liquid crystal display) monitors. Both types
produce sharp images, but LCD monitors have
the advantage of being much thinner and lighter.
Monitor
 Printer
 A printer transfers data from a computer onto paper.
You don't need a printer to use your computer, but
having one allows you to print email, cards,
invitations, announcements, and other material.
 The two main types of printers are inkjet printers
and laser printers. Inkjet printers are the most
popular printers for the home. They can print in
black and white or in full color and can produce
high-quality photographs when used with special
paper. Laser printers are faster and generally better
able to handle heavy use.
Printer
 Scanner
 Scanner is a device which is used to convert the
Analog data to digital data. Means Hard copy
to soft copy.
 Speakers
 Speakers are used to play sound. They can be
built into the system unit or connected with
cables. Speakers allow you to listen to music
and hear sound effects from your computer.
 Modem

 To connect your computer to the Internet, you

need a modem. A modem is a device that sends
and receives computer information over a
telephone line or high-speed cable. Modems
are sometimes built into the system unit, but
higher-speed modems are usually separate
components.
 The main function of modem is to convert
analog data to digital data & vice versa.
Modem
 Motherboard
 This transfers data between all of the
computer’s components: the human nervous
system.
 It is the main circuit board that incommoded
processor slot, RAM slot , Extension slot , PCI
slot, Serial port, parallel port, connectors for
keyboard & mouse etc.
Motherboard
 1 – Fire wire header
 Firewire is also known as IEEE 1394. It is
basically a high performance serial bus for
digital and audio equipment to exchange data.
The technology preceded USB but yet is faster
than any current USB port. Often used for
transferring digital video to the PC straight
from a digital camera. The FireWire header
onboard means you can install a FireWire port
on your machine.
 2 - PCI Express 16x slots
 Now the most common slot for Graphics cards,
the PCI Express 16x slots provides 16 separate
lanes or data transfer. PCI express 1.0 slots
offer a data transfer rate of 250MB/s the second
generation of PCI express (PCI Express 2.0)
offers twice the data rate at 500MB/s.
Currently in development is PCI Express 3.0
which offers 1GB/s of data transfer. 
 3 - PCI Express 1x Slot
 Like the PCI Express 16x above the 1x slot uses
exactly the same system but only has a single
lane of serial data transfer. These slots are used
for expansion cards that do no require the same
amount of data transfer that a graphics card
requires. You will usually find components
such as tv tuners, network cards and sound
cards make use of the PCI Express 1x slot. 
4 - Chipset - North Bridge (with
heat sink)
 The Motherboards chipset can be described as
what sets it apart from other boards in its
category. Different chipsets contain different
features and components. A chipset is a
number of integrated circuits built onto the
board to provide specific functions e.g. one
part of the chipset may be an onboard
component such as a modem or sound chip.
Other parts may be used to control the CPU
functions. 
5 and 8 - ATX Power connector

 The standard ATX power connector, the cable

for this will be coming from the PSU, a clip is
normally provided to make sure you get them
in the correct order. As a tip, don't try to push
too hard if its stuck, check to see that it is in the
correct way, I have seen plenty of power
connectors where the pins have pushed out
some of the connectors, these can be difficult to
get back into place, so its best to be careful.
 6 - CPU (Central Processing
Unit) socket
 All the CPU "sockets look very similar, however they are
different in the way they have different amount of pins and
in different layouts. There are currently two major CPU
socket types PGA and LGA. PGA or Pin Grad Array uses a
system of pins on the CPU and holes on the socket to line up
and hold a CPU in place. The introduction of the ZIF (Zero
Insertion Force) socket for PGA types allowed the CPU's to
be lined up without any pressure on the CPU until a level is
pulled down. LGA or Land Grid Array uses a system of gold
plated copper pads that make contact with the motherboard.
It is very important to read your motherboard manual to
discover what types of CPU's you motherboard supports as
most motherboards are aimed at a specific type of CPU.
7 - DIMM (Double Inline Memory
Module) slots
 DIMM's are by far and away the most used
memory types in today's computers. They vary
in speeds and standards however and they
need to match up to what your motherboard
has been designed to take. The four standards
of DIMM's being used at the moment are SDR
(Single Data Rate), DDR (Double Data Rate),
DDR2 and DDR3. The speeds of memory can
vary between 66Mhz to 1600Mhz.
 9 - Motherboard controls
 Not available on all motherboards, but some
allow direct control of the motherboard via
simple buttons. Power switch, error checking,
CMOS clearing, passwords and more features
can be accessed directly on the motherboard on
some models.
10 - Chipset - South Bridge
 When we talk about chipsets you mainly only
ever hear about the North bridge. Even those
into PC technology have a hard time naming
the south bridges without looking them up.
Names like Nforce 2 and KT600 are North
bridges. The South Bridge does an important
job as well. It handles things like the PCI bus,
onboard Network and sound chips as well as
the IDE and SATA buses.
 11 - Serial ATA Connector
 Serial ATA or more commonly seen as S-ATA
is a new way of connecting your Hard Drives
to your PC. S-ATA drives have the capability of
being faster than the IDE counterparts and also
have smaller thinner cables which help with
the airflow of the system. S-ATA hard disks are
fast becoming the norm for hard drive
technology. Current motherboards feature both
IDE and S-ATA connectors to facilitate all types
of storage hardware.
 12 - USB 2.0 header
 As well as having USB ports on the rear of the
motherboard, motherboard manufacturers
often add a couple of USB headers so you can
connect optional cables for extra USB ports.
These cables are often supplied and you only
need to add them on if you need the extra
connectivity. USB 2.0 replaced USB 1.1 as a
much faster solution. It is backwards
compatible meaning all USB 1.1 devices will
work in these new USB 2.0 ports.
 13 - Motherboard Battery
 The battery gives the board a small amount of power in
order to store some vital data on your machine when the
power is off. Data stored is that like the time and date so
you don't have to reset them every time you boot the
machine up. Motherboard batteries are usually long
lasting Lithium batteries. Removing this can reset all the
data on your machine including the BIOS settings,
however not replacing this correctly can lead to
irreparable damage to the motherboard. Only remove
the battery if it is dead or if you can't have access any
other way to resetting the data on your machine by use
of the clear CMOS jumper or something similar.
14 - PCI (Peripheral Component
Interconnect) slot
 The PCI bus (not PCI express) is now an older
technology and although the PCI slots are still
available, they have decreased in number and
are being replaced by the PCI Express 1x slots.
Its unlikely that you will get a motherboard
without a PCI slot at the moment due to the fact
that a lot of components still use the standard
PCI slot. It would be awkward to upgrade to a
system without PCI slots as it may mean
upgrading more components than you would
like to,
 15 - Floppy Drive
Connector
 More simple than the IDE connector you only
have to remember to get the red line to pin 1 of
the connector and the red line to pin 1 on the
floppy drive, This port is only to be used with
floppy drives. You may not have a floppy
controller on your motherboard as its slowly
being phased out as more people are using
writable CD's and DVDs to transfer data, to
store data and to use as boot up discs.
 16 - IDE connector Not on
Diagram
 he connector to which you will insert an IDE cable
(supplied with motherboard) IDE cables connect devices
such as hard disks, CD Drives and DVD Drives. The
current 4 standards of IDE devices are ATA 33/66/100
and 133. the numbers specify the amount of data in Mb/s
in a max burst situation. In reality there is not much
chance of getting a sustain data rate of this magnitude.
Both the connectors and devices are backwards
compatible with each other, however they will only run
at the slowest rated speed between them. All IDE cables
will come with a red line down one side, this red line is to
show which way it should be plugged in.
 PCI
 The “Peripheral Component Interconnect” is a
high-speed connection to adding devices to a
computer including SCSI cards, video, sound,
modems, and other PCI devices.
 Video Card
 It transfers data from the computer to the
monitor. 3-D cards are necessary for games.
NIC (Network Interface Card)

 A card installed in a computer that unable the

computer to communicate a network. All NIC
implement a networking standards called
Ethernet Every client & server must have a
network interface card in order to be a part of
network.
 USB
 The Universal Serial Bus Port allows for the
connecting of many external devices to the
computer.
No of Pins in different ports of
motherboard
 IDE/ATA/PATA:- 40 no's
 Floppy Disk Drive:- 34 no's
 AT:-12 no's
 ATX:- 20+4 no's
 USB(Universal Serial Bus):- 9 no's
 VGA(Video Graphic Array):- 15 no's
 Parallel port:- 26 no's
 Serial port:- 9 no's
 Firmware

 Firmware is a combination of software and

hardware. Computer chips that have data or
programs recorded on them are firmware.
These chips commonly include the following:
 ROMs (read-only memory)
 PROMs (programmable read-only memory)
 EPROMs (erasable programmable read-only
memory)
 Example :- BIOS
 Power Supplies
 A computer's power supply (SMPS) converts
electricity received from a wall outlet into DC
current amounts that are needed by the various
components of the system.
 Power Connector - ATX power supplies use a
single 20 or 24 pin (on newer versions) to
connect to the system board. Some
motherboards require an additional 4, 6, or 8
pin auxiliary power connector. Power
connectors are keyed to make sure that the
connector is plugged in properly. 
 SATA Connectors -
SATA hard drives use a special 15 pin power
connector. This connector supports 3.3, 5, and
12 volt devices. Make sure your power supply
has one of these or you can get a Molex to
SATA adapter if it doesn't. 
 Molex Connectors - These connectors are used
for connecting IDE hard drives, DVD and CD
drives, and other devices that require 5 or 12
volts of power. These are keyed to prevent
plugging them in upside-down, however, it is
possible to do and will cause serious
problems/damage to the system. 
 Mini Connectors -
These connectors also supply 5 or 12 volts,
but are basically only used to connect floppy
drives. These are even easier to plug in
upside-down. 
 UPS
 An Uninterrupted power supply is essentially a
back-up battery to power electronic gadgets like
Computer in the event of a power failure. If it
happens, the Gadget will draw power from the
UPS and will run the load for a prescribed time
depending on the capacity of the battery. The
change over time from the mains to battery power
is a fraction of a second, so that the computer will
not shut down. This is essential to protect the data
in the computer. Basically there are two types of
UPS. These are Offline UPS and Online UPS.
 Online UPS
 Online UPS on the other hand uses an Inverter which
always on to give sine wave AC in the output socket. The
incoming AC is first converted into DC by a transformer
to charge the battery as well as to give power to the
inverter transformer. The inverter transformer converts
the DC to AC continuously to power the load. If power
fails, the battery backup circuit switches on and takes the
load. Online UPS is more efficient than the Offline UPS
and uses a “Constant duty Inverter”. It also has a “Static
bypass” system that transfers the load to the AC power if
the inverter system fails. The advantage of the Online UPS
is that, it clean up the AC waveform by converting it into
DC then reconverting this DC to fresh AC.
Online UPS
 Offline UPS
 Off line UPS passes the input AC to the output
sockets if the AC power is available. It always
monitor the voltage level in the mains, and if
there is a voltage drop or mains failure, it
switches on the inverter to give AC power to
the device until the mains supply returns to
normal. The switch over time from AC to
inverter AC is less than five mili seconds so
that the functioning of the gadget is not
affected.
Offline UPS
 Types Of power supplies
Surge:-
when current is flowing more than 220 volt it is
called surge.
Brownout:-
when current is flowing less than 220 volt it is
Called Brown out.
Blackout:-
When current does not flowing through the
device
Line Conditioner:-
Always supplies exact voltage to the device.
UPS:-
always supplies constant voltage of 220 vplt.
 Power Good Signal
This is the signal generated by the power
supply after the completion of its internal test
& send to the motherboard to indicate that the
power is ready for use. With out receiving that
signal motherboard will not start.
 BUS
 Bus is a group of electrical conductors running
parallel to each other carrying charge from one
point to another with in the computer.
 Bus can be copper tresses on ckt board or wires in a
cable.
 The no of parallel wires in a bus is called bus width.
 If the bus connect the main processor with the
computer memory then it is called system bus or
front side bus.
 If the bus connect input output device then it is
called I/O Bus.
 Heat Sink
 With increase in processing speed of modern day
processor . There is an increase in heat generation Which
can cause the permanent damage of computer. To cool the
processor from being heated Heat sinks are used.
 There are two type of Heat sink:-
Passive Heat Sink:-
 The cooling device which is used to cool the processor &
does not have any moving part is called Passive Heat sink.
Active Heat sink:-
 It is also called CPU fan. It is enhancement to the passive
heat sink. Active heat sink contain a small fan that is
blows Directly into the heat sink metal.
 Types Of Communication
 Serial communication
In telecommunication and computer science
, serial communication is the process of sending
data one bit at a time, sequentially, over a 
communication channel or computer bus.
 Parallel communication
In telecommunication and computer science
, parallel communication is a method of
conveying multiple binary digits (bits)
simultaneously.
Types Of Communication
Thank You
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