Dr.

Ammar Mushtaq
ammar.mushtaq@rcms.nust.edu.pk
Research Centre for Modeling and Simulation
National University of Sciences and Technology

Ammar Mushtaq
MOTIVATION
o Many industrial processes involve flows over
moving plates or belts such as
o Fabrication of adhesive tapes, wire drawing,
production of plastic sheets, paper
production and polymer extrusions etc
o In all of these cases, final product is highly
dependent upon the heat transfer rate and
the skin friction coefficient at bounding
surface

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VISCOSITY
“A fluid is a substance which deforms continuously under the action of shearing forces”

It is found experimentally that, the rate of deformation

(shear strain) is directly proportional to the shear stress

𝛿𝑢𝛿𝑡
tan 𝛿𝜃 =
𝛿𝑦

𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑢
𝜏∝ =
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑢
𝜏=𝜇
𝑑𝑦

Newton’s Law of Viscosity

F M White, “Viscous Fluid Flow” fourth edition, McGraw Hill

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VISCOSITY (cont.)
Newtonian Fluids (Water, Air, Gasoline)
Newtonian Fluids
𝒅𝒖
𝝉= 𝝁 (Beach sand,
𝒅𝒚 Starch in water)

Shear Thickening
Non-Newtonian Fluids
𝒏
𝒅𝒖
𝝉= 𝝁
𝒅𝒚 (Soap, Paints, Milk, Cement)
Shear Thinning
o Pseudo Plastic (Shear Thinning) (Toothpaste)
Viscosity decreases as the shear rate increases Bingham Plastic
o Dilatant (Shear Thickening)
Viscosity increases as the shear rate increases
o Thixotropic
Viscosity decreases with time for which stress is applied
o Rheopectic
Viscosity increases with time for which stress is applied
o Viscoelastic
The fluids which return back to their original shape when the stress is released
John F. Douglas, “Fluid Mechanics” fifth edition Pearson Education 2005

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BOUNDARY LAYER THEORY

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BOUNDARY LAYER THICKNESS

δ is the boundary layer

thickness which is chosen
as the point where u/U =
0.99

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DISPLACEMENT THICKNESS

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BL Thicknesses

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Flow Separation

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BOUNDARY LAYER

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