WHEN THE TUMMY

GETS BUSY

-Sirch Yascub
OBJECTIVES
IDENTIFY THE FIVE KINDS OF NUTRIENTS AND RELATE
THEM TO THEIR FUNCTIONS IN THE BODY
DESCRIBE THE COORDINATED FUNCTIONS OF THE ORGANS
OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
TRACE THE PATH OF FOOD AS IT IS BEING DIGESTED

ILLUSTRATE HOW DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM ARE PREVENTED,

DETECTED OR TREATED

DISCUSS CONTEMPORARY HEALTH ISSUES THAT PROMOTE PROPER

NUTRITION AND OVERALL WELLNESS
RESEARCH ON CERTAIN TECHNOLOGIES THAT ARE USED TO PROMOTE
PROPER FUNCTIONING OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
 THE NEED FOR FOOD
objective
FOOD IS A SOURCE OF OF NUTRIENTS AND ENERGY ESSENTIAL FOR BODILY
FUNCTIONS

HOW DO YOU CONVERT FOOD INTO

DESCRIBE THE COORDINATED FUNCTIONS OF THE ORGANS
OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
ENERGY?
TRACE THE PATH OF FOOD AS IT IS BEING DIGESTED

NUTRIENTS are molecules in food that nourish the body by providing

energy and materials essentials for growth and development.SEASES OF
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM ARE PREVENTED, DETECTED OR TREATED
DISCUSS CONTEMPORARY HEALTH ISSUES THAT PROMOTE PROPER
NUTRITION AND OVERALL WELLNESS
RESEARCH ON CERTAIN TECHNOLOGIES THAT ARE USED TO PROMOTE
PROPER FUNCTIONING OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
 CARBOHYDRATES
MAIN SOURCE OF
ENERGY
• FUNCTION AS STRUCTURAL
WHAT ARE FOODS RICH IN CARBOHYDRATES?
COMPONENT OF LIVING THINGS
• THEY COME MAINLY FROM PLANTS IN
THE FORM OF SUGARS AND STARCH
• PLAY OTHER FUNCTIONS IN LIVING
ORGANISMS ASIDE FROM BEING A
GOOD SOURCE OF ENERGY
• NEEDED IN THE FORMATION OF
NUCLEIC ACIDS
• NEEDED IN THE SYNTHESIS OF
LUBRICANTS, SUCH AS MUCUS
• CAN ALSO BE CONVERTED INTO
OTHER ORGANIC COMPOUNDS SUCH
AS AMINO ACIDS AND FATS
 PROTEINS
AMINO ACIDS the building blocks of proteins that are essential
for the formation of new protoplasm for growth and repair of
worn-out body cells.
Used for the synthesis of enzymes, hormones, and antibodies to
combat diseases.
Can also be used as an energy source
Most plants and some unicellular organisms are capable of
producing all the 20 amino acids
Used to build new cells of different body parts
Defeceincy of proteins in the diet of children can also lead to a
disease called kwashiorkor
 PROTEINS

In human beings, the recommended daily amount of protein is

0.36 grams per pound of body weight. Therefore an average
adult needs 50 to 100 grams of protein per day.
 FATS
FATS ARE ALSO ENERGY PRODUCING FOODS

Fats provide twice as much energy per gram as

carbohydrates.
Eating fat-rich food is an excellent way of storing energy for
future use.
Too much fat can have severe consequences since it can
accumulate on the walls of blood vessels.
Humans are capable of manufacturing their own fat
requirement
Fats should be avoided in the diet of people who have
developed gallstone in their gallbladders.
8
 VITAMINS
COMPLEX ORGANIC MOLECULES NEEDED IN SMALL AMOUNTS
AND CANNOT BE MANUFACTURED BY THE HUMAN BODY.
substances that your body needs to grow and develop
normally. 
Fat-soluble vitamins can be stored in the fats of the body. This
includes vitamins A, E, and K
Water-soluble vitamins cannot be stored in the body and must
be supplied in the daily diet
Most vitamins functions as cofactors or coenzymes to promote
or assist enzymes in catalyzing a particular chemical reaction.
Fruits, vegetables, grains, and meat are good sources of
vitamins.
Vitamins are substances that your body needs to
grow and develop normally. There are 13 vitamins
your body needs. 
•Vitamin A
•B vitamins (thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic
acid, biotin, vitamin B-6, vitamin B-12 and folate)
•Vitamin C
•Vitamin D
•Vitamin E
•Vitamin K

The best way to get enough vitamins is

to eat a balanced diet with a variety of
foods.
10
11
 MINERALS
Inorganic substances that do not
provide energy but these are
important in bodily functions
• Some minerals are needed in
large amounts while some are
required in trace amounts.
• About one gram of calcium is
needed by children per day
but slightky less is needed
among adults, except by
pregnant and lactating
mothers
 WATER
THE BIOLOGICAL SOLVENT
The protoplasm of our cells are made up
mainly of water .
Fruits and vegetables are good sources of
purified water.
Water is lost constantly from the body
during breathing, sweating, urinating, and
defecating.
More water is required by active persons
and those living in hot or dry climates.
 FIBERS
FIBER refers to indigestible fibrous material found in vegetables and fruits.

Fibrous materials are made up mainly of cellulose.

Fibers do not provide energy or nutrients but they are
important because they provide bulk to intestinal content and
help peristalsis, and help the food to move along the gut.
Constipation is a condition happens when proper peristaltic
movement do not occur, the undigested food cannot move
along the gut fast enough and too much water will be
absorbed resulting in hard and dry feces.
Fresh vegetables, fruits, bran, cereals, and whole wheat
bread are good sources of fibers.
15
NUTRITION AND OVER-
ALL WELLNESS
BALANCE DIET
Contains the right amount of carbohydrates,
proteins, fats, minerals, water, and fiber to
supply the body with energy and materials for its
activities.
A balance diet enable you to maintain a healthy
body.

17
18
 MALNUTRITION
A Condition acquired when people do not take
the right kind of food.
Malnourished individuals are susceptible to
diseases as their bodies weaken.
If malnutrition happens in children, growth and
development is hampered.

19
 KWASHIORKOR
A serious form of malnutrition caused by a lack
of protein.

20
21
22
 A BMI of less than 18.5
classifies you as
underweight.
 A BMI between 18.5 and
24.9 indicates that you are
at a normal weight. This
represents the ideal
category for women. BMIs
between 25 and 29.9 are
defined as overweight and
a BMI of 30 or greater is
considered obese
23
 My Pyramid –New Nutrition
guide by USDA
 Describes a healthy diet lifestyle that
emphasizes intake of fruits, vegetables, whole-
grains, and fat-free or low fat milk products.
It includes lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, and
nuts.
It also promotes a diet low in saturated fats,
trans fats, cholesterol, salt, and added sugars.

24
25
26
DIGESTION IN HUMANS

HOW DO DIGESTIVE ORGANS PERFORM THEIR

SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS IN THE DIGESTION?

27
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
 involve in the breakdown
of food into simpler
nutrients to be absorbed by
the body.
The function of
the digestive
system is digestion and
absorption.

28
 NUTRITION
The intake of food from other organisms
such as plants and animals and the process
that convert food substances into living
matter.

29
 NUTRITION
Human Nutrition involves the following:
o Ingestion-the intake of food into the body
o Digestion-the process of mechanical and chemical
breakdown, whereby large food molecules are broken
down into simpler molecules that can be absorbed by
the body cells.
o Absorption-the process in which digested food
materials are absorbed by the body cells and
converted into new protoplasm or used to provide
energy
o Elimination-passing of digested material out of the 30
 ORGANS IN THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Digestion in humans involves two distinct
processes
Physical Digestion- the mechanical breakdown
of food into smaller particles.
Increases the surface area of the ingested food,
enablingDigestion-
Chemical digested is
enzymes to act on
the breakdown of it
themore
complex
efficiently.
molecules such as starch, proteins, and fats contained in
food, into simple, soluble molecules by digestive enzymes .
This involves hydrolytic reactions catalyzed by digestive
enzymes.
31
32
 V MOUTH
 The mouth is the beginning
of the digestive tract; and, in
fact, digestion starts here
when taking the first bite of
food.
 Chewing breaks the food into
pieces that are more easily
digested, while saliva mixes
with food to begin the
process of breaking it down
into a form your body can
absorb and use.
33
 PHARYNX
• The pharynx (plural: pharynges) is the
part of the throat behind the mouth and 
nasal cavity, and above the esophagus
 and larynx – the tubes going down to the 
stomach and the lungs
• It is commonly referred to as the throat.
The pharynx is part of both the digestive
and respiratory systems. For the digestive
system, its muscular walls function in the
process of swallowing, and it serves as a
pathway for the movement of food from
the mouth to the esophagus

34
 ESOPHAGUS
 Located in your throat
near your trachea
(windpipe), the esophagus
receives food from your
mouth when you swallow.
 By means of a series of
muscular contractions
called peristalsis, the
esophagus delivers food to
your stomach.
35
 ESOPHAGUS
 Each Bolus of food passes
down the esophagus into
the stomach partly with
the help of gravity and
partly by peristaltic
movements of the
esophageal walls.
 It takes about seven
seconds to make the
journey.
36
 STOMACH
The stomach is a hollow
organ, or "container," that
holds food while it is being
mixed with enzymes that
continue the process of
breaking down food into a
usable form.

37
 STOMACH
Cells in the lining of the
stomach secrete a strong
acid and powerful enzymes
that are responsible for the
breakdown process. When
the contents of the stomach
are sufficiently processed,
they are released into the
small intestine. 38
 SMALL INTESTINE
 Made up of three
segments - the duodenum,
jejunum, and ileum - the
small intestine is a 22-foot
long muscular tube that
breaks down food using
enzymes released by the
pancreas and bile from the
liver

39
 SMALL INTESTINE
 Peristalsis also is at work in
this organ, moving food
through and mixing it with
digestive secretions from the
pancreas and liver. The
duodenum is largely
responsible for the
continuous breaking-down
process, with the jejunum
and ileum mainly responsible
for absorption of nutrients
into the bloodstream. 40
 SMALL INTESTINE
 Contents of the small
intestine start out semi-
solid, and end in a liquid
form after passing
through the organ.
Water, bile, enzymes,
and mucous contribute
to the change in
consistency. 41
 SMALL INTESTINE
Once the nutrients
have been absorbed
and the leftover-food
residue liquid has
passed through the
small intestine, it then
moves on to the large
intestine, or colon. 42
SMALL INTESTINE

43
 LARGE INTESTINE
The colon is a 6-foot long
muscular tube that connects
the small intestine to the
rectum. The large intestine is
made up of the cecum, the
ascending (right) colon, the
transverse (across) colon, the
descending (left) colon, and
the sigmoid colon, which
connects to the rectum.
44
 LARGE INTESTINE
The appendix is a small
tube attached to the
cecum. The large
intestine is a highly
specialized organ that
is responsible for
processing waste so
that emptying the
bowels is easy and
convenient. 45
 LARGE INTESTINE
 Stool, or waste left over from the
digestive process, is passed through
the colon by means of peristalsis,
first in a liquid state and ultimately
in a solid form. As stool passes
through the colon, water is
removed. Stool is stored in the
sigmoid (S-shaped) colon until a
"mass movement" empties it into
the rectum once or twice a day. It
normally takes about 36 hours for
stool to get through the colon
46
 LARGE INTESTINE
 The stool itself is mostly food debris and
bacteria.
 These bacteria perform several useful functions,
such as synthesizing various vitamins,
processing waste products and food particles,
and protecting against harmful bacteria.
 When the descending colon becomes full of
stool, or feces, it empties its contents into the
rectum to begin the process of elimination.
47
 PANCREAS
 The pancreas secretes
digestive enzymes into the
duodenum, the first segment
of the small intestine.
 These enzymes break down
protein, fats, and
carbohydrates. The pancreas
also makes insulin, secreting it
directly into the bloodstream.
Insulin is the chief hormone for
metabolizing sugar.
48
 LIVER
 The liver has multiple
functions, but its main
function within the digestive
system is to process the
nutrients absorbed from the
small intestine. Bile from the
liver secreted into the small
intestine also plays an
important role in digesting fat.
In addition, the liver is the
body's chemical "factory”. 49
 LIVER
 It takes the raw materials
absorbed by the intestine
and makes all the various
chemicals the body needs
to function. The liver also
detoxifies potentially
harmful chemicals. It
breaks down and secretes
many drugs. 50
 GALLBLADER
LIVER
 The liver has multiple functions,
but its main function within the
digestive system is to process
the nutrients absorbed from the
small intestine. Bile from the
liver secreted into the small
intestine also plays an important
role in digesting fat.

51
 GALLBLADER
LIVER
 In addition, the liver is the
body's chemical "factory." It
takes the raw materials
absorbed by the intestine and
makes all the various chemicals
the body needs to function. The
liver also detoxifies potentially
harmful chemicals. It breaks
down and secretes many drugs.
52
 GALLBLADER
The gallbladder stores
and concentrates bile,
and then releases it
into the duodenum to
help absorb and digest
fats
53
 RECTUM
The rectum (Latin for "straight")
is an 8-inch chamber that
connects the colon to the anus. It
is the rectum's job to receive
stool from the colon, to let the
person know that there is stool to
be evacuated, and to hold the
stool until evacuation happens.
When anything (gas or stool)
comes into the rectum, sensors
send a message to the brain. 
54
 RECTUM
 The brain then decides if
the rectal contents can be
released or not. If they can,
the sphincters relax and the
rectum contracts, disposing
its contents. If the contents
cannot be disposed, the
sphincter contracts and the
rectum accommodates so
that the sensation
temporarily goes away. 55
56
 ANUS
 The anus is the last part of the
digestive tract. It is a 2-inch long
canal consisting of the pelvic floor
muscles and the two anal
sphincters (internal and external).
The lining of the upper anus is
specialized to detect rectal
contents. It lets you know whether
the contents are liquid, gas, or
solid. The anus is surrounded by
sphincter muscles that are
important in allowing control of 57
 ANUS
 The pelvic floor muscle creates an
angle between the rectum and the
anus that stops stool from coming
out when it is not supposed to. The
internal sphincter is always tight,
except when stool enters the
rectum. It keeps us continent when
we are asleep or otherwise unaware
of the presence of stool. When we
get an urge to go to the bathroom,
we rely on our external sphincter to
hold the stool until reaching a toilet,
where it then relaxes to release the 58
 ANUS
 The pelvic floor muscle creates an
angle between the rectum and the
anus that stops stool from coming
out when it is not supposed to. The
internal sphincter is always tight,
except when stool enters the
rectum. It keeps us continent when
we are asleep or otherwise unaware
of the presence of stool. When we
get an urge to go to the bathroom,
we rely on our external sphincter to
hold the stool until reaching a toilet,
where it then relaxes to release the 59