EQUILIBRIUM

EQUILIBRIUM
• It is a condition where there is no
change in the state of motion of a
body.

• A body that is not accelerating is

said to be in equilibrium.
STATIC
DYNAMIC
EQUILIBRIUM
EQUILIBRIUM

• The object in
• The object is
equilibrium is at
moving with
rest
constant
velocity
 FREE-BODY DIAGRAM

• This is the diagram of an object

separated from its surroundings
showing the magnitude and
direction of all forces acting on it.
• The first condition of
equilibrium states that
there should be no
unbalanced force acting
on a body.
OMENTUM!
M
•Which is harder to stop?
the faster truck or the
slower truck?
• The faster truck is
harder to stop because
it has a greater inertia
than a slower truck.
Momentum- inertia of moving
objects

p = mv
p = momentum
m = mass
v = velocity
SI unit =kg.m/s
 Momentum Facts
• p = mv
• Momentum is a vector quantity!
• Velocity and momentum vectors point in the same direction.
• SI unit for momentum: kg·m/s (no special name).
• Momentum is a conserved quantity.
• A net force is required to change a body’s momentum.
• Momentum is directly proportional to both mass and speed.
• Something big and slow could have the same momentum as
something small and fast.
 Sample Problem

Moving bodies have both kinetic

energy and momentum. Consider two
balls A and B with masses 0.40 kg
and 0.10 kg respectively. Ball A
moves at 5 m/s, whereas ball B moves
at 20 m/s. Which of the two ball is
harder to catch because of its
momentum and kinetic energy?
 Momentum Examples
3 m/s 30 kg · m /s
10 kg 10 kg

Note: The momentum vector does not have to be drawn 10 times

longer than the velocity vector, since only vectors of the same
quantity can be compared in this way.

26º
p = 45 kg · m /s
5g
at 26º N of E
 Equivalent Momenta

Car: m = 1800 kg; v = 80 m /s

p = 1.44 ·105 kg · m /s
Bus: m = 9000 kg; v = 16 m /s
p = 1.44 ·105 kg · m /s

Train: m = 3.6·104 kg; v = 4 m /s

p = 1.44 ·105 kg · m /s

continued on next slide

 Equivalent Momenta (cont.)

The train, bus, and car all have different masses and
speeds, but their momenta are the same in magnitude. The
massive train has a slow speed; the low-mass car has a
great speed; and the bus has moderate mass and speed.
Note: We can only say that the magnitudes of their
momenta are equal since they’re aren’t moving in the same
direction.
The difficulty in bringing each vehicle to rest--in terms of a
combination of the force and time required--would be the
same, since they each have the same momentum.
 Impulse Defined
Impulse is defined as the product force acting on an
object and the time during which the force acts. The
symbol for impulse is J. So, by definition:

J=Ft
Example: A 50 N force is applied to a 100 kg boulder
for 3 s. The impulse of this force is J = (50 N) (3 s)
= 150 N · s.

Note that we didn’t need to know the mass of the

object in the above example.
 Impulse Units
J = F t shows why the SI unit for impulse is the Newton · second.
There is no special name for this unit, but it is equivalent to a kg · m /s.

proof: 1 N · s = 1 (kg · m /s2) (s) = 1 kg · m /s

Fnet = m a shows this is
equivalent to a newton.

Therefore, impulse and momentum have the same units, which leads
to a useful theorem.
 Impulse - Momentum Theorem
The impulse due to all forces acting on an object (the net force) is
equal to the change in momentum of the object:

Fnet t =  p

Fnet t = m a t = m( v / t)t = m v =  p

 Sample Problem

• An object experiences a change

of momentum of 54 kg.m/s in
9s. What is the force causing
this change?
 FRICTION

• It refers to a force that

resists motion between
materials in contact.
• It opposes motion.
 CLASSIFICATIONS OF FRICTION
• 1. STATIC FRICTION - prevents relative motion
between surfaces

• 2. KINETIC FRICTION – present when there is a

relative motion between the surfaces in contact

• 3. ROLLING FRICTION – occurs when one surface

rotates as it moves over another without sliding or
slipping at the point or area of contact
 FLUID FRICTION

• The force that resist relative motion of

an object through a fluid or of a fluid
through another fluid.

• It is also called as drag force.