UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF

ENGINEERING:KAKATIYA
UNIVERSITY
B.TECH (3/4)

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING
Incandescent Bulb
 Life span is 1200 hrs.

available in 60,100,200
Watts

Light intensity is less

Inability to withstand
fluctuations in power
supply
Positives
• Cheap to manufacture & buy
• Easier to come by
• Generally stronger light output
• Better for seeing through Fog and Smoke

Negatives
• Horrible patterns in light
• VERY breakable
• Hot burning
• Heavy on battery consumption
• Short lifespan
• Yellowish color filters out anything
with yellow in it, IE: White looks
yellow, yellow doesn’t show, red
looks brown, green looks black.
CFL bulbs
• CFL is an acronym for
COMPACT
FLUORESCENT LAMP
• Life span is 8000 hours
• Available in the range of
11-18 Watts
• Basic price is 100rs
Positives
 CFLs use 75% less energy, produce 75%
less heat and last up to ten times longer
than the average incandescent bulb.
 They are relatively inexpensive.
 One bulb can help reduce greenhouse
gas emissions by hundreds of pounds.

Negatives
 CFLs contain about 4 to 5 mg of toxic
mercury, which can be harmful to humans
and the environment if bulbs are not
disposed of properly.
 Depending on the type of bulb, CFLs require
a warm-up period between one minute to
three minutes before they achieve full
brightness.
 LED is an
acronym
for LIGHT
EMITTING
DIODE

LED
 What is an LED ?
• Instead of a filament they use a semiconductor diode which
emits narrow-spectrum light.
• Depending on the composition & condition of the
semiconducting material used (Silicone, germanium), they
come in either Infrared for sensing heat, Visible for every
day use, or Near-Ultraviolet.
• An LED consists of a chip of semiconducting material that
has been “doped” with impurities in order to create a p-n
junction.
• A p-n junction is basically a junction between an anode and
a cathode.
• Current flows easily from the p-side to the n-side, but never
in the reverse order.
• The wavelength and color of the LED depends on the band-
gap energy of the materials forming the p-n junction.
LED: How It Works
• When current flows
across a diode

• Negative electrons move one way and

positive holes move the other way
LED: How It Works
• The wholes exist at a
lower energy level than
the free electrons

• Therefore when a free electrons falls it

losses energy
LED: How It Works
• This energy is emitted
in a form of a photon,
which causes light

• The color of the light is determined by

the fall of the electron and hence
energy level of the photon
• Life span is about 1,00,000 hours,
approximately works for 11.4 years
• And that is 6 times of CFL.
• Available in the range of 5-8 Watts
• It doesn’t harm environment when compared
to CFL and Incandescent
• Doesn’t effect room temperature
• Virtually indestructible
• Low energy consumption
• Symmetrical beam with little-to-no artifacts
• Cheap to manufacture
• Available in a multitude of colors without
requiring a filter.
• Pure white light means no color will be filtered
out.
• Low functioning temperature
Savings = Generation
APPLICATIONS
Hello friends
 Potential uses in the future
• LED’s are already being used in tail-lights for cars, and some companies like Lexus are
experimenting with LED headlights
• Home lighting: Imagine a “light-bulb” with 100,000 constant hours of use. In other words:
100,000 hours/24 hours a day = 4,166 days
4,166 days/365 days a year = 11.4 years.
• Not only will the light bulb last for 11.4 years, but it will also require much less current
than a traditional light-bulb. If one LED-light bulb requires half the energy of one
Incandescent light-bulb, we may not have to suffer through rolling blackouts ever again!
• LED’s are already getting brighter. Here is an example of one of the most recent LED’s to
hit the market titled the “Lux eon Rebel”. It is both twice as bright, and uses half the
current of it’s predecessor of only 2 years.
• Technology will eventually dictate that LED’s are the light source of the future.
Thank you for giving me this
opportunity