• The tectonic movement of

theFolding
Earth's and faulting
plates has are
the result
resulted in theof tectonic
folding
activity, but
and faulting also the
of the
forces
Earth's crust.ofThis
tension,
is
compression
caused and shearing
by the Earth's
play an
plates active role in plate
converging,
divergingmovements.
or transversing
against one another.
A BREAK OR A CRACK IN
THE EARTH’S CRUST
ALONG WHICH
MOVEMENT HAS
OCCURRED.
 1. HANGING WALL

• The top part of the rock

above the fault plane

HANGING
WALL
 FOOT WALL

• THE BOTTOM PART OF THE

ROCK BELOW THE FAULT
PLANE

FOOT WALL
 FAULT PLANE

• THE SURFACE THAT

SEPERATES THE TWO
MOVING PIECES

FAULT PLANE
1. NORMAL FAULT

• CAUSED BY
TENSIONAL FORCES
• HANGING WALL
DROPS IN RELATION
TO THE FOOT WALL
 2. REVERSE FAULT

• CAUSED BY COMPRESSIONAL
FORCES
• HANGING WALL MOVE UPWARD
TO REALTION TO THE
FOOTWALL
3. THRUST FAULT

• CAUSED BY
COMPRESSIONAL
FORCES
• HANGGING WALL
MOVES UO OVER THE
FOOT WALL
• LOW ANGLE
REVERSE FAULT
4. TRANSFORM FAULT

• CAUSED BY SHEARING
FORCES
• TWO PLATES SLIDE
SIDE BY SIDE
• NO VERTICAL
MOVEMENT
5. HORST AND GRABEN

HORST
• AN UPLIFT BLOCK OF THE
CRUST BOUNDED BY TWO
NOWMAL FAULTS
• CAUSED BY TENSIONAL
FORCES.
GRABEN
• A VALLEY FORMED BY THE
DOWNWARD DISPLACEMENT
OF BLOCK OF CRUST
BOUNDED BY THE TWO
FAULTS
IT HAPPENS WHEN THE
STRESS IS APPLIED TO
ROCKS THEY FIRST RESPOND
BY DEFORMING
ELASICALLY(BENDING).
ONCE THE ELASTIC LIMIT
REACHED THEN ONE OF TWO
THINGS HAPPEN
DEPENDING IF THE ROCK IS IN
DEEP EARTH ENVIRONMENT OR
A SURFACE ENVIRONMENT:

DEEP EARTH-
PLASTIC
DEFORMATION=
RESULTING IN SURFACE-
FOLDING OR PLASTIC
FLOW DEFORMATION
TO ELASTIC
LIMIT AND
THEN
FRACTURE.
 1. ANTICLINE

• CAUSED BY COMPRESIONAL
FORCES
• CRUST MOVES UPWARD
FORMING A HILL
• REFERRED TO AS AN UP-
FOLD.
 2. SYNCLINE

• CAUSED BY
COMPRESSIONAL
FORCES
• CRUST MOVES
DOWNWARD
FORMING A VALLEY
• REFEREED TO AS A
DOWN FOLD
3. LIMBS- SIDE PART OF A
SYNCLINE OR ANTICLINE
4. FOLD AXIS- POINT
WHERE LIMBS CHANGE
ANGLE OF DIP

5. STRIKE- DIRECTION OF
FOLD (AXIS)

6. DIP - ANGLE LIMB WITH

THE HORIZONTAL