INTEGRATED

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SDN BHD SOLUTION SDN.BHD.
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INJIN
PEMBAKARAN
DALAM

AKTA FMA 1967

INJIN DIESEL INJIN PETROL TARBIN GAS
OSHA 1994

INJIN DIESEL INJIN DIESEL INJIN PETROL INJIN PETROL

4 LEJANG 2 LEJANG 4 LEJANG 2 LEJANG

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Terminal objective :

Peserta boleh membezakan operasi injin

diesel 4 lejang dengan injin diesel 2
lejang dengan betul tanpa kesilapan.

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Lesson Objective
 Pada akhir kursus , peserta boleh
menerangkan setiap pergerakan piston
yang berlaku dalam injin diesel 4 lejang
dengan betul.

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Injin Haba

Semua jenis injin atau jentera

yang menerima tenaga haba dari
hasil pembakaran bahan api ( fuel
/gas ) atau punca lain ( steam )
dan menukar tenaga haba
tersebut ke tenaga mekanikal
dikenali sebagai injin haba .

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DEFINASI INJIN
Injin adalah peralatan dimana percampuran
udara, bahanapi dan haba berlaku untuk
pembakaran ,yang menukar tenaga haba
kepada tenaga kenetik / tenaga mekanikal
untuk menjalankan bendakerja

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Apa itu enjin

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Injin Haba

Injin Haba boleh dikatogerikan pada

• Injin pembakaran Luar
(External combustion engines)
• Injin Pembakaran Dalam
( Internal combustion engines )

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Injin Pembakaran Dalam

 Pembakaran yang berlaku antara
campuran bahanapi dan oksigen terjadi
didalam selinder injin itu sendiri. Antara
jenis- jenis injin IPD adalah :
• Injin yang menggunakan campuran gas dan udara
atau dikenali sebagai gas engines.
• Injin yang menggunakan light liquid fuel ,spirit
atau dikenali sebagai petrol engines.
• Injin yang menggunakan heavier liquid fuels,
atau dikenali sebagai diesel engines.

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Injin Haba

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Injin Pembakaran Luar

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INJIN PEMBAKARAN DALAM

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Keperluan injin diesel dalam penjanaan

~ Injin diesel penting bagi penjanaan elektrik :

Sebagai ‘backup power’ ketika kecemasan ~
EDG dan BSDG

~ Keperluan injin diesel didalam sistem

pencegahan kebakaran. Jockey pump untuk
pencegahan kebakaran.

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AKTA KILANG DAN JENTERA 1967 & OSHA

1994

 Peraturan 29(2a) mengatakan setiap

pengendali IPD memerlukan sijil
kopentensi.

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Bagaimana untuk mendapatkan sijil?

 Menghadiri
peperiksaan /
temuduga

 Kebenaran bertulis
dari Chief Inspector-
section 6(3)

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Pergerakan Injin Diesel 4 Lejang

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INJIN DIESEL 4 LEJANG

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Pergerakan Injin Diesel 4 Lejang

outlet Inlet outlet Inlet outlet Inlet Inlet

outlet

COMPRESSION EXHAUST
INTAKE
POWER

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Apakah dia Lejang ?

Lejang adalah pergerakan lengkap piston didalam selinder

pada satu arah. Setiap pergerakan memerlukan 180
pusingan crankshaft.

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LEJANG MASUKAN

 Piston bergerak dari TDC

ke BDC

 Hanya Udara disedut

masuk

 Aci Engkol bergerak 180º

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LEJANG MAMPATAN
Penyembur
Bahanapi

 Piston bergerak dari

BDC ke TDC

 Udara dimampatkan

 Pegerakan aci engkol

360º

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LEJANG KUASA

 Pembakaran berlaku.

 Pengembangan gas
menolak piston dari
TDC ke BDC.

 Aci engkol bergerak

540º

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LEJANG EKSOS

 Piston bergerak dari

BDC ke TDC.

 Gas Pembakaran
ditolak keluar

 Pengerakan aci
engkol 720º

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Valve Overlaping

 Kedua – dua injap

terbuka.

 Sisa gas ditolak keluar

 Proses ini dinamakan

scavenging.
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injection

A = Intake IO TDC EC

B = Compression

C = Power
EO
IC
D = Eksos
BDC

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Kedudukan Injap

 IO ( inlet open) ~ 30º sebelum TDC

 IC ( inlet close) ~ 50º selepas BDC
 EO ( exhaust open ) ~ 45º sebelum BDC
 EC ( exhaust closed ) ~ 30º selepas TDC

 Injection ( bahanapi ) ~ 15° sebelum TDC

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Valve Timing

 Valve timing’ adalah untuk menentukan

ketepatan perjalanan injap ( buka / tutup )
untuk mencapai tenaga penuh dan
kelicinan perjalanan injin.

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Nisbah Mampatan ( Compression Ratio)

 Lebih banyak udara dimampatkan. Maka

lebih banyak molekul udara dan bahanapi
dapat dibakar. Lebih kuasa pada injin
dapat dihasilkan.

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Nisbah Mampatan

V1 + V2 =NisbahMampatan
V1
V1 ~ Isipadu ruang pembakaran
V2 ~ isipadu lejang

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Turbocharger

 Turbocharge memusing
compressor untuk
menghantar udara
masuk ke selinder

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Supercharging

 Supercharging
disambung secara
belting bagi
memampatkan udara
untuk dihantar ke
selinder.

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Komponen injin

Injap Masukan Injap Eksos

Piston
Cooling water

Crankshaft

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Bahagian yang Bahagian yang tidak

bergerak bergerak
Piston Cylinder
Piston ring Cylinder block
Crank shaft Cylinder head
Camshaft Oil sump
Connecting rod Fuel Injector
Valve

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Injap Masukan dan Injap Eksos

 Injap Masukan ~
mengawal
kemasukan udara ke
injin

 Injap Eksos
melepaskan gas
pembakaran keluar.

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PISTON DAN FUNSINYA

FUNGSI

 MEMAMPATKAN UDARA UNTUK PROSES

PEMBAKARAN
 MEMBANTU MENGELUARKAN EKZOS GAS
 MENERIMA DAN MENGHANTAR TEKANAN
KE ACI ENGKOL
 MENYERAP HABA PANAS SELAMA PROSES
BERLANGSUNG

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PISTON dan RINGS

 Ring bertindak
sebagai sesendal
( seal ) antara piston
dan selinder. Ring

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PISTON RING dan FUNGSINYA

 Piston ring
membuang kekotoran
dari dinding selinder.

 Piston ring
memindahkan haba
dari piston ke
selinder.
Membersihkan Selinder

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CRANKSHAFT

 Crankshaft menukar
pergerakan turun naik
piston ke pergerakan
memutar bagi
mengerakan jentera.

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Camshaft

 Camshaft (aci
sesondol ) bekerja
untuk mengawal
pergerakan injap .
Disambung dengan
crankshaft melalui
timing belt / chain

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Sistem pelinciran
 Sebagai penyejuk kepada injin – menyerap haba pada
bahagian yang bergesel.

 Sebagai pelincir untuk bahagian injin yang bergerak

 Menjadi sesendal ( seal ) antara piston ring dan selinder.

 Mengekalkan injin sentiasa bersih dengan menapis

kitaran minyak.

 Melindungi bahagian injin dari kekaratan.

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Starting System

 Motor Udara ( Air Motor )

 Battery ( elektrikal )

 Secara Manual ( engkol )

Starting motor

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Gavenor

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Gavenor

 Fungsi Gavenor:
• Mengawal aliran bahanapi bagi mengekalkan
injin pada kelajuan yang sekata.

• Mengekalkan kelajuan injin pada beban (load )

yang berubah.

• Memberhentikan bekalan bahanapi sekiranya

berlaku keadaan ‘overspeed’

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Jenis – jenis Govenor

 Jenis Mekanikal

 Jenis Mekanikal + Hidraulik

 Engine Control Module ( ECM )

 Engine Control Unit ( ECU)

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 Speed meningkat , Thrust bearing

kelajuan spindal
meningkat.
 Flyweight bergerak
keluar.
 Megerakan thrust bearing
kebawah.
 Linkage akan menutup
valve.

spindle

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Governing Fundamentals ( continue )

1) gear drive from the engine,

2) flyweights, and
3) spring.

The flyweights are

The flyweights move outward
rotated by the engine.

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Governing Fundamentals ( continue )

The spring acts against the force of the rotating flyweights. As

long as the spring force equals the flyweight centrifugal force,
engine speed remains constant.

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Centrifugal Governor.
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Actual speed
equal to
demand

Actual speed
higher than
demand

Actual speed
lower than
demand

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Governing Fundamentals ( continue )

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Injin Gagal Dihidupkan ( dimulatugas )

Bad Fuel Mix

1. Tangki kekeringan bahanapi (fuel tank
empty )

2. Bahanapi yang dibekalkan tercemar ~

minyak telah bercampur dengan air.

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Bad Fuel Mix ( sambungan )

3.Penapis udara kotor / tersumbat

menyebabkan udara untuk pembakaran
tidak mencukupi.
4. Pembakaran tidak berlaku dengan
sempurna disebabkan bahanapi yang
dibekalkan terlalu sedikit.

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Mampatan Tidak Mencukupi

 Piston ring telah kehausan / patah –

menyebabkan kebocoran semasa proses
mampatan campuran minyak dan udara
 Injap masukan atau injap eksos tidak tertutup
rapat .
 Terdapat kebocoran pada penutup selinder (
cylinder head ) disebabkan oleh gasket yang
rosak.

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Kekurangan Spark ( Injin Petrol )

 Pendawaian ( wiring) yang rosak , akan

melemahkan percikan api (ignition).

 ‘Ignition timing’ tidak berlaku pada masa

yang tepat .

 Spark plug telah rosak atau kehausan.

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Sistem Penyejukan

Media penyejuk mesti mampu menyerap

haba dari injin untuk mengelakan
overheating.
1. Air cooled

2. Water cooled

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Air Cooled

 Natural air ~ digunakan

untuk injin yang kecil.
Udara menyejukan ‘fins’
yang terdapat pada
selinder blok. Fin

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Air cooled ( sambungan)

 Forced air – Kipas / Blower digunakan

untuk menyedut udara luar untuk
menyejukan ‘fins’ yang terdapat pada blok
selinder .

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Water cooled ( penyejuk air )

 Sistem ini mengandungi:
• Radiator
• Fan
• Pump
• Oil cooler
• Air cooler
• Piping
• Cylinder block
• Cylinder head
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 ‘Water pump’
membekalkan air
kesekeliling selinder
dan oil cooler untuk
menyerap haba.

 Air disejukan kembali

oleh udara.

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Sebab injin menjadi panas

Punca Tindakan
Sistem penyejuk bocor Kenal pasti punca
kebocoran
Kerosakan pada pam Buka dan periksa atau
pelincir / penyejuk ganti baru
Kipas tidak berfungsi Periksa pendawaian /
bearing

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START UP DIESEL ENGINE

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Pemeriksaan Rutin
 Tidak terdapat benda asing disekeliling injin
 Paras minyak pelincir - normal
 Governor oil - normal
 Coolant - normal
 Tangki Bahanapi
 Battery voltage - normal
 Compressor air press -normal

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PENTING !
 PASTIKAN ALAT PENCEGAH
KEBAKARAN SENTIASA BERADA
DIDALAM KEADAAN BAIK DAN BOLEH
DIGUNAKAN

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Normal Starting

 Pastikan emergency push button didalam

keadaan ‘reset’

 Idle starting ~ kelajuan injin sekitar 500 –

650 rpm ( berpandukan kelajuan yang
dicadangkan oleh pengeluar )

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Tangungjawab sebagai Engine Driver

 Bertanggungjawab untuk memula tugas
atau memberhentikan jentera dengan
betul dan selamat.
 Sentiasa berada di kawasan operasi injin
bagi memastikan perjalanan injin yang kita
jaga adalah selamat dan tidak merbahaya
kepada diri sendiri dan orang lain.

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Bagaimanakah mengawasi perjalanan injin?

 Memastikan keadaan injin berjalan

dengan lancar dan semua bacaan
parameter ( gauges) mengikut spesifikasi
yang telah ditetapkan seperti suhu injin ,
suhu eksos , tekanan minyak pelincir , rpm
dan lain – lain.

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(sambungan)

 Mengawasi sekiranya terdapat kebocoran

yang mungkin merbahaya kepada
manusia dan alam sekitar.

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 Rekodkan pekara – pekara berikut :-

~ Lube oil temperature
~ Lube oil level / pressure
~ Cooling water level
~ Exhaust temperature
~ Fuel oil level
~ Load / voltage

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Alarms and protection

 Engine overspeed ( alarm / trip )

 Low Lube oil pressure ( alarm / trip )

 High exhaust temperature alarm

 High water jacket temperature

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sambungan

 High crankcase pressure:

Disebabkan oleh kecacatan di piston ring
menyebabkan tekanan dari selinder
masuk ke crankcase.
Ini memberi isyarat bahawa injin berada di
dalam keadaan yang tidak memuaskan.

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Injin Diesel 2
Lejang

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Intake stroke ( lejang masukan )

 Piston berada di BDC ( di bawah paras

aras intake port )
 Udara dimasukan melalui blower. Injap
eksos masih terbuka. Proses scavenging
berlaku, untuk membersihkan chamber
serta menyejukan injap eksos

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Lejang Mampatan

Ketika piston melepasi liang masukan

( intake port ) , injap eksos tertutup.
Proses mampatan berlaku.

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Pembakaran
1. Sewaktu piston menghampiri TDC,
bahanapi disembur.

2.Pembakaran berlaku ketika piston

berada di TDC

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Lejang Kuasa
 Pengembangan gas pembakaran
memindahkan tenaga haba ke tenaga kenektik
dan menolak piston kebawah.
 Ketika piston menghampiri liang masukan ,
injap eksos akan terbuka untuk melepaskan
sisa pembakaran.

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Eksos gas berwarna hitam

 Terlalu banyak bahan api yang

disemburkan
 Penapis udara tersumbat .
 Kekurangan udara untuk pembakaran.
‘Valve timing’ tidak tepat.
 Camburan bahanapi dan udara tidak
seimbang

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Eksos gas berwarna putih / biru

 Udara yang dibekalkan bersuhu rendah.

(terutamanya diwaktu pagi)
 Pelincir untuk injin ( engine coolant) telah
masuk / terbakar didalam injin.
 Berlakunya proses mampatan yang
rendah menyebabkan pembakaran yang
tidak sempurna.

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Perbezaan injin diesel dengan petrol

Injin diesel Injin petrol

Compression Ignition Spark ignition

Hanya udara disedut Campuran

masuk semasa intake bahanapi/udara disedut
stroke masuk semasa intake
stroke
Digunakan untuk kerja Biasa digunakan untuk
yang ‘ heavy duty ‘ kereta dan motorsikal
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Perbezaan injin diesel dengan petrol

Compression ratio Compression ratio

lebih besar rendah
Kecekapan thermal Kecekapan thermal
lebih tinggi ~ 40% lebih rendah ~ 25%
Diesel sukar menjadi Petrol senang untuk
vapor menjadi vapor

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Kesalahan Salahlaku ( serious misconduct )

 Tidur sewaktu menjalankan tugas

 Mabuk semasa bertugas

 Meninggalkan injin yang sedang

beroperasi tanpa penganti

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Kesalahan Salahlaku ( serious misconduct )

 Menjalankan jentera secara merbahaya
menyebabkan kerosakan besar atau
kemalangan pada orang lain.

 Tidak melaporkan kemalangan atau

kerosakan jentera yang berlaku.

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TERIMA KASIH
&
JUMPA LAGI

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