Conduction

Presented by

Sajal Wankhede
(19102279)
Contents
Introduction
Modes of Heat Transfer
Conduction
Thermal Conductivity
One Dimensional Steady State Conduction through Constant Area
One Dimensional Steady State Conduction through Variable Area
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
Critical thickness of insulation
Thermal contact resistance
Unsteady State Conduction
Introduction
Biot number and Fourier number
Lumped Heat Capacity Analysis
Introduction Conduction
- needs matter
- molecular phenomenon
(diffusion process)
-without bulk motion of matter

Modes of Heat Transfer

Convection
- heat carried away by bulk
motion of fluid
- needs fluid matter

Radiation
- does not needs matter
- transmission of energy by
electromagnetic waves
Conduction
An energy transfer across a system boundary due to a temperature difference
by the mechanism of inter-molecular interactions.
Mechanism of heat conduction

In gases

In solids

In liquids
Fourier’s Law of Conduction
Rate of heat conduction depends on T1
-Geometry of Medium
-Thickness T2
-Material of the Medium q
-Temperature Difference
by the Fourier Law:
A
(area)(temperature difference) ∆x
Rate of heat conduction α
Thickness
q = - kA (T1-T2)
∆x
Where, q = heat flow (W)
k= Thermal conductivity, a thermodynamic property of the material.(W/m K)
A = Cross sectional area in direction of heat flow. (m2)
 ∆x 0

q = - k A dT/dx

dT/dx : Temperature gradient

(Negative, when temperature decreases with increasing x)

In circular coordinates it work in the radial direction:

qr = - k Ar dT/dr
dr

dr
Thermal Conductivity

❑Thermal conductivity of a material is a measure of its ability to conduct heat.

❑ Thermal conductivity of real gases, solids and liquids is largely independent of pressure and
considered a function of temperature alone. k = k (T)
❑Thermal conductivity of gases is proportional to the square root of the absolute temperature and
inversely proportional to the square root of the molar mass.
❑In liquids decreases with increasing temperature and also with increasing molar mass.
❑In solids depends upon lattice vibrational waves and the free flow electrons.
 Kinetic energy transfer
between gaseous molecules.

Lattice vibration may be transferred

between molecules as nuclei
attract/repel each other.

Thermal Conductivities of Selected Materials at Room Temperature