Sistem Perpipaan

Perancangan Alat Proses

Abdul Wahid Surhim

 Piping Fundamentals
PIPING SYSTEM
• What is that?
• Concept Layout Development
• Piping Components & their access requirement.
• Straight length requirements.
• Orientation of various tapings, components, etc.
• Piping Drains & Vents
• Insulation.
• Material & Sizing
• Critical piping system consideration.
• Pipe Stress Analysis.
• Pipe Supports
 Rujukan
• Raswari. 1987. Sistem Perpipaan. UI Press
• Escoe, A. Keith. 2006. Piping and Pipeline Assessment
Guide. Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved
• Ellenberger, J. Phillip. 2014. Piping and Pipeline
Calculations Manual. Second Edition. Elsevier Inc. All
rights reserved
• Devki Energy Consultancy Pvt. Ltd. 2006. BEST
PRACTICE MANUAL: FLUID PIPING SYSTEMS
 Piping Fundamentals
• Let us first Discuss about WHAT IS PIPE!
• It is a Tubular item made of metal, plastic, glass etc. meant
for conveying Liquid, Gas or any thing that flows.
• It is a very important component for any industrial plant.
And it’s engineering plays a major part in overall
engineering of a Plant.
• In next few pages we shall try to familiarize about pipe
and it’s components.
 Piping dan Pipeline
• PIPING: in-plant piping ~ inside a plant facility
– process piping,
– utility piping, etc
• PIPELINE: a long pipe running over distances
transporting liquids or gases
– often extend into process facilities
In any plant various fluids flow through pipes
from one end to other.
Now let us start with a plant where we see three
tanks.
Tank-1, Tank-2 and Tank-3
We have to transfer the content of Tank no. 1 to
the other two tanks.
We will need to connect pipes to transfer the
fluids from Tank-1 to Tank-2 and Tank-3

LET US BRING THE PIPES.

 We have just brought the pipes, now we
To solve these
need to solve some more problems.
problems we need the
Pipes are all straight pieces.
pipe components,
which are called
PIPE FITTINGS

We need some
branch
connections

We need some bend

connections
 These are the pipe fittings,
There are various types of fittings for various
purposes, some common types are -
Elbows/Bends, Tees/Branches,
Reducers/Expanders, Couplings, Olets, etc.

Anyway, the pipes and fittings are

in place, but the ends are yet to be
joined with the Tank nozzles.

We now have to complete the end

connections.
These, in piping term, we call

TERMINAL CONNECTIONS.
 So far this is a nice arrangement.
But there is no control over the flow from Tank-1 to other
tanks.
We need some arrangement to stop the flow if
needed

These are flanged joints

This is a welded joint

To control the flow in a

pipe line we need to fit a
special component.

That is called - VALVE

 There are many types of valves, categorized based
on their construction and functionality,
Those are - Gate, Globe, Check, Butterfly, etc.

Other than valves another

important line component of pipe
line is a filter, which cleans out
derbies from the flowing fluid.
This is called a STRAINER
 Valve (Katup)
1. Butterfly valve 8. Plug valve
2. Globe valve 9. Spool Valve
3. Gate valve 10.Pressure Relief Valve
4. Ball valve 11.Pressure Safety Valve (PSV)
5. Check valve 12.Control valve
6. Diaphragm valve
7. Knife Gate valve
 Here we see a more or less functional piping
system, with valves and strainer installed.
Let us now investigate some aspects of pipe
flexibility.

If this tank nozzle

expands, when the
tank is hot.

In such case we need to fit a

flexible pipe component at that
location, which is called an
EXPANSION JOINT
 When some fluid is flowing in a pipe we may also
like know the parameters like, pressure,
temperature, flow rate etc. of the fluid.

Expansion Joint
Manufacturers
Association (EJMA)

To know these information we

need to install INSTRUMENTS
in the pipeline.
 There are various types instruments to measure
Next we shall look
various parameters. Also there are specific criteria for
into how to
installation of various pipe line instruments.
SUPPORT the
pipe/and it’s
components.
 Here are some of the pipe supporting arrangements.
There can be numerous variants. All depend on
piping designer’s preference and judgement.

Let us see some OTHER types of supports

• We have just completed a pipe line design.
• We shall rewind and check how it is really done in practice.
 First the flow scheme is planned,
1) What, 2) From what point, 3) To which point
 Pipe sizes are selected, pipe material and pipe wall thickness are selected.
 Types of Valves are planned
 Also the types of instruments required are planned
• We represent the whole thing in a drawing which is called Piping and
Instrumentation Drawing, in short P&ID. For P&ID generation we use SPP&ID
software.
• By this time you have already come to know that while we prepare P&IDs in SPP&ID,
we enter all the pipe lines system information in the drawing.
• So the SPP&ID drawing is an Intelligent drawing which under it’s surface carries all
the information about a pipe like, Pipe size, Flowing Fluid, etc.
• Let us see a P&ID prepared in SPP&ID
This is screen picture of P&ID made by SPP&ID
If we click on any line it will show the Data embedded.
After the P&ID is ready we start the layout work.
Here we carryout pipe routing / layout in Virtual 3D environment.
We use PDS 3D software to route piping in the Plant virtual 3D space.
We call this as piping modeling or physical design.
While development of piping layout we have to consider the following
 Piping from source to destination should be as short as possible with minimum change
in direction.
 Should not hinder any normal passage way. Also should not encroach any equipment
maintenance space.

Not
Preferable

Preferable
While carrying out pipe routing we also need to consider the following
 Valves, strainers, instruments on the pipe should be easily accessible.
 If needed separate ACCESS PLATFORMS to be provided to facilitate these.
 Desired location and orientation of valves / instruments and other pipe components are
to be checked and maintained, like some valves or strainers can only be installed in
horizontal position.
 Specific requirements for instrument installation to be checked, like temperature gauge
can not be installed in pipe which is less than 4 inch in size.
 Specific requirements of STRAIGHT LENGTH of pipe for some components to be
maintained, like for flow orifice we need to provide 15 times diameter straight pipe
length at upstream of orifice and 5 times diameter straight at down stream of orifice.

Example of Straight length requirement for Flow Orifice

 For Pipeline which shall carry liquid, we have to make sure that all air is allowed to vent
out of the line when the line is filled with liquid.
 To achieve this a VENT connection with Valve is provided at the top most point of the
pipeline.
 Also arrangement is kept in the pipeline
so that liquid can be drained out if
required.
 To achieve this a DRAIN connection with
Valve is provided at the lowest point of
the pipeline
 Pipes are also slopped towards low
points.
Let us look
into typical
Vent and
Drain
arrangement
in a pipeline
 This is a 3D model
of Feed water line
along with pumps
and other
accessories

Let us have a look into a piping model done by PDS 3D

INSULATION - When hot fluid flows through pipe then generally pipe is insulated.
There are two primary reasons for insulating the pipe carrying hot fluid.
 Containing the heat inside the pipe. Insulation preserves the heat of the fluid. It is called
Hot Insulation
 Personnel safety, so that people do not get burn injury by touching hot surface of pipe. It
is called Personnel Protection Insulation
Cold pipes are also insulated
 Cold or chilled fluid carrying pipes are insulated to prevent heating of cold fluid from
outside. It is called Cold Insulation.
 Some times cold pipes are insulated to prevent condensation of atmospheric water vapor
on pipe surface. It is called Anti-Sweat Insulation.
Other types of Insulation
 When gas flows through pipes at high velocity, it creates noise. In such cases pipes are
insulated to reduce noise. It is called Acoustic Insulation.
 Some times pipe and it’s content are heated from outside, by heat tracing element. In
that case pipe along with heat tracing element are insulated to conserve the heat of the
tracer. It is called Heat Tracing Insulation.
INSULATION MATERIAL - The insulating material should be bad conductor of heat.
There are two basic categories
1) Fibrous Material, which has large voids full of air between fibers - Cork, Glass Wool,
Mineral Wool, Organic Fibers. Note stagnant air is a bad conductor.
2) Cellular Material, which has closed void cells full or air - Calcium Silicate, Cellular Glass
(Foam Glass), Polyurethane Foam (PUF), Polystyrene (Thermocol), etc.
Some times Cast material like Cement Plaster or Plaster of Paris are also used.
INSULATION CLADDING - Insulation materials are generally soft or fragile. So the
outer surface of insulation are protected with Aluminum sheet or GI sheet
cladding.

Have a look at how

pipes are insulated,
and general
components of
insulation
H  h. A.Th  Ta 
H = Heat loss, Watts
h = Heat transfer coefficient, W/m2-K
Ta= Average ambient temperature, K
Th = Hot surface temperature (for hot fluid piping), ºC & cold
surface temperature for cold fluids piping)
For horizontal pipes: h  A  0.005Th  Ta 

For vertical pipes: h  B  0.009Th  Ta 

 r1  t k
Etk  r1  t k  ln
r1
Etk = Equivalent thickness of insulation for pipe Th  Ts
k = Thermal conductivity of insulation at mean temperature of Tm, W/m-C Tm 
tk= Thickness of insulation, mm
2
r1= Actual outer radius of pipe, mm
r2= (r1+ tk)
Ts= Desired/actual insulation surface temperature, ºC
Rs= Surface thermal resistance = 1/h, ºC-m2/W
Rl= Thermal resistance of insulation = tk/k, ºC-m2/W

Th  Ta Th  Ta Th  Ta 1
H   Rl   Rs  
Rl  Rs H H h
tk
Rl   t k  Rl .k
k
 PIPE MATERIAL SELECTION - to select appropriate pipe material based on flowing fluid property.
Find out type Find out Fluid Check Pipe Select suitable Check Mat. YES Pipe
of Fluid flowing Temp. & life Material per Listed in Design Material
Pressure Expectancy practice (Note-1) Code OK
NO
Note-1 : Material is selected per past experience with cost in mind and per material
listed in design code. If material is not listed in code we may select next
suitable material listed.
See Note-1

PIPE SIZING CALCULATION - to select required pipe diameter based on velocity and pressure drop.
Find out Flow Check Velocity Calc. flow area Calc. Press. Check Press. YES Pipe
volume per Allowable per required and Drop for that Drop meets Size OK
second second Pipe size Pipe size Press. Budget
NO
Increase
Pipe Size
\

PIPE THICKNESS SELECTION - to select appropriate pipe thickness based on flowing fluid property.
Select Mat. & Find out Fluid Decide on Calc. Pipe
Diameter as Temp. & Corrosion Thickness per
above Pressure allowance Code
 Kode dan Standar Pipa (US)
1. ASME B31.1, Power Piping ~ governs piping in the power industries
(e.g., power plants).
2. ASME B31.2, Fuel Gas Piping.
3. ASME B31.3, Chemical Plant and Petroleum Refinery Piping ~ governs
piping systems used in the chemical and petroleum industry.
4. ASME B31.4, Liquid Petroleum Transportation Piping Systems ~ governs
liquid hydrocarbons and other liquids in pipeline systems.
5. ASME B31.5, Refrigeration Piping and Heat Exchanger Components.
6. ASME B31.7, Nuclear Piping was withdrawn after two editions and the
respon-sibility was assumed by ASME B&PV Code, Section III, Subsections
NA, NB, NC, and ND
 Kode dan Standar Pipa (US)
7. ASME B31.8, Gas Transmission and Distribution Systems ~
governs gas pipelines.
8. ASME B31.8S, Managing System Integrity of Gas Pipelines is a
recently published book
9. ASME B31.9, Building Services Piping.
10.ASME B31.11, Slurry Piping Systems is another transportation
pipeline code that mostly applies to buried piping systems that
transport slurries
11.ASME B31.12, Hydrogen Piping System—this is a new code. It is
in the final stages of first development
 BIAYA SISTEM PERPIPAAN
1. Bahan 30%
2. Fittings 10%
3. Installation labor 25%
4. Installation equipment 10%
5. Supports 10%
6. P&G 10%
7. Others 5%
Miranda & Lopez, 2011. “Piping Design: The Fundamentals”. Presented at “Short Course on
Geothermal Drilling, Resource Development and Power Plants”, organized by UNU-GTP
and LaGeo, in Santa Tecla, El Salvador, January 16-22, 2011.
 In Power plant there are some piping which carries steam at high pressure and
temperature. And also there are piping which carries water at High pressure. These pipes
carries the main cycle steam and water of the steam power plant.
 These pipelines are call the CRITICAL PIPING.
 Very special care are taken for design of these piping.
 First the pipe material selection for such piping is very important as it has to withstand
the high pressure and may be also high temperature.
 As these pipes carry the main system fluid of the power plant, they are given the right of
way, and routed at beginning of the overall plant layout.
 Steam pipes run at very high temperature and the hot pipes expand. We have to built in
flexibility in the high temperature pipe routing so that the expansion force is absorbed
within the piping.
 Also there should be enough flexibility in these pipe routing so that high loads are not
transferred to the nozzles of Turbine or Pumps
 There are many recognized international codes which lay down guide lines and mandatory
requirements for design of such piping.
 The most important codes used by power plant piping engineers are
 ASME ANSI B31.1- Power Piping Code & IBR - the Indian Boiler Regulation
Pipe Stress Analysis
 We have already seen that some of the pipes are subjected to high pressure and high
temperature. Also pipes carry the load of the flowing fluid.
 We need to check and confirm the pipe is not going to fail with these loading.
 This process of checking the stress developed in the piping due to various loading is called
Pipe Stress Analysis/Flexibility analysis.
 In the process of Analysis we apply various postulated loading on the pipe and find out the
stress resulted from these loading.
 Then we check with governing codes if those stresses generated are acceptable or not.

 We check support load & movement for various loading condition.

 We also check out the terminal point loading generated from pipe to the equipment connected
to the pipe. This loading are to be within acceptable limits of the equipment suggested by the
vendors.
 We also find out the pipe growth due to change in temperature and need to keep the movement
of pipe within acceptable limits.
 Pipe Stress Analysis is an Interactive and Iterative process. Each step is checked
 If a check fails we have to go back, modify the layout and restart the analysis.
 PIPE STRESS ANALYSIS
Inputs Tools we use
Geometric layout of Pipe PIPSYS - is an integrated pipe stress analysis
module of PLADES 2000
Pipe supporting configuration
CEASER - Commercial Piping analysis software
Pipe Diameter and Thickness
There are many other commercial software
Pressure inside Pipe
available
Cold and Hot temperatures of Pipe
Outputs
Weight of Pipe and insulation
Stress of the pipe at various loading conditions
Weight of carrying Fluid
Load at various supports and restrains.
Pipe material Property (Young’s Modulus,
Movement of pipe at support locations
Thermal Expansion Coefficient)
Pipe terminal point loading.
Thrust on pipe due to blowing wind.
Thrust on pipe due to earthquake
Codes and Standards
In general Power Plant Piping have to comply
Load of Snow on pipe
stipulations of ASME ANSI B31.1
Any transient loading like Steam Hammer load
In India Power cycle Piping to comply IBR code
Any other load on the piping requirements.
 Types of Pipe Supports
In the beginning of this discussion we
Constant Load Spring
talked about various types of pipe
supports. Here is some elaboration
There are three general types
 Rigid type (no flexibility in the Variable Spring
direction of restrain)
 Spring type (Allows pipe movement
in direction of loading)
 Dynamic Support (Degree of restrain
depends on acceleration of load)

Rigid Support
Rigid Hanger
There are two types of spring support
 Variable load type, here support load
changes as the pipe moves.
 Constant load support, the load Dynamic Support,
remains constant within some range Snubber
of movement.
Rigid Support
 Some Special Considerations for Piping
When pipes are routed UNDER GROUND (Buried) following points to be kept in mind:
 Minimum pipe size to be routed under ground shall be not less than1 inch.
 Avoid flange joint in U/G piping.
 Keep in mind if pipe leaks U/G, it will be difficult to detect, so avoid U/G routing of pipe carrying
hazardous fluid.
 Pipe to be laid below Frost Zone at areas where ambient temperature goes below freezing.
 U/G, Buried piping should be properly protected from corrosion.
Pipe may be properly wrapped and coated to prevent corrosion.
Or U/G piping be protected by using Cathodic protection.
Freeze Protection of outdoor Piping:
 In the areas where the ambient temperature goes below freezing there is a possibility that the liquid content of pipe
may freeze while the plant is under shut down.
 For similar case pipes are wrapped with heat tracing elements to maintain the content temperature above freezing
(around 4 deg. C) even when the ambient temp. is below freezing.
 Electric Heat tracing is done by wrapping electric coil around pipe, which turns on as the ambient temperature goes
down. Pipes are insulated over the heat tracing coils.
 Heat tracing can also be done by winding Steam tubes around main pipes.
 Jenis Pipa
1. Pipa tanpa sambungan (tanpa sambungan
pengelasan)
2. Pipa denga sambungan
 Bahan Pipa (Umum)
1. Carbon steel
2. Carbon moly
3. Galvanees
4. Ferro nikel
5. Stainless steel
6. PVC
7. Chromen moly
 Bahan Pipa (Khusus)
1. Viber glass
2. Alumunium
3. Wrought iron (besi tanpa tempa)
4. Copper (tembaga)
5. Red brass (kuningan merah)
6. Nickel copper = monel (timah tembaga)
7. Nickel chrome iron = inconel (tembaga timah krom)
 Jenis-jenis Pipa:
Berdasarkan MATERIALnya
1. Pipa logam
– Pipa besi tuang
– Ductile cost iron pipe (DCIP)
– Galvanized iron pipe (GIP)
– Cast iron pipe (CIP)
– Pipa logam campuran (metal/alloy)
 Jenis-jenis Pipa:
Berdasarkan MATERIALnya
2. Pipa non logam
– Pipa beton (tanpa tulangan, dengan
tulangan)
– Pipa PVC (poly vinyl chloride)
– Pipa fiber glass (GRP = Glass fiber
reinforced pipe)
– Pipa asbes semen
– Pipa PE (poly ethylene)
 Jenis-jenis Pipa:
Berdasarkan Bentuk Melintangnya
• Pipa bulat → ○
Digunakan untuk air minum
• Pipa bulat telur (elips) → 0
Digunakan untuk air buangan
 Jenis-jenis Pipa:
Berdasarkan Bentuk Ujungnya
• Flanged end pipe (pipa ujung flens)
Terbuat dari baja dan memiliki diameter yang besar.
• Bell and plain pipe (pipa ujung bell dan spigot)
Biasanya jenis PVC (poly vinyl chloride) atau DCIP (ductile
cost iron pipe).
• Screwed end pipe (pipa ujung ulir)
Biasanya jenis GIP (galvanized iron pipe) dan memiliki
diameter yang kecil.
• Double plain end pipe (pipa ujung rata)
– Ujung rata biasa
– Ujung rata dengan lidah
– Ujung rata dengan takikan
Seamless Drawing Steel Pipe Seamless Brown Pipe Lap Welded Steel Pipe

Electric Resistence Pipa dari Timah Hitam

Welded Steel Pipe Pipa Galvanis
 Pemilihan Bahan Pipa
• Sesuai standar ASTM dan ANSI
1. Perpipaan untuk pembangkit tenaga
2. Perpipaan untuk industri bahan gas
3. Perpipaan untuk penyulingan minyak mentah
4. Perpipaan untuk pengangkutan minyak
5. Perpipaan untuk proses pendinginan
6. Perpipaan untuk tenaga nuklir
7. Perpipaan untuk transmisi dan distribusi gas
 Tipe Sambungan Cabang
• Sambungan langsung (stub in)
• Sambungan dengan menggunakan fittings
• Sambungan dengan menggunakan flanges
 Diameter Pipa
• Terdapat tiga istilah diameter untuk pipa bulat:
– Inside diameter (ID)
– Outside diameter (OD)
– Nominal diameter (ND)
• Dalam standar ISO, ukuran pipa dinyatakan dalam satuan
millimeter (mm)
• Nominal diameter (ND) digunakan dalam istilah perdagangan
atau sebagai petunjuk spesifikasi pipa
• Dimensional standards, materials of construction, and pressure
ratings of pipiing for chemical plants and petroleum
refineries are covered by ANSI Piping Code B31.3 which is
published by the ASME, latest issue 1980.
 Diameter, Ketebalan dan Schedule
• Schedule pipa dikelompokkan menjadi
1. Schedule : 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 160
2. Schedule standar
3. Schedule extra strong (XS)
4. Schedule double extra strong (XXS)
5. Schedule spesial
 Manfaat Perbedaan Schedule
• Menahan tekanan dalam dari aliran
• Kekuatan dari meterial itu sendiri
• Mengatasi karat
• Mengatasi kegetasan pipa
Ketebalan Dinding Pipa
 Pemasangan Pipa
• Ada tiga kelompok:
1. Pipa di atas tanah
– Pipa kolom dan vessel, HE, pompa dan turbin, kompresor,
utilitas
2. Pipa di bawah tanah
– Pipa proses dan utilitas
3. Pipa di dalam air
 Pipa Transmisi dan Distribusi Gas
• Sistem Perpipaan Transmisi
– Pipa transmisi adalah pipa yang dipasang dengan tujuan untuk
menyalurkan gas dari sebuah sumber suplai gas kepada satu
atau lebih pusat distribusi dan konsumen dengan kebutuhan
gas yang besar. Pada umumnya, pipa transmisi beroperasi
pada tekanan lebih dari 16 bar. Sistem ini biasanya digunakan
pada gas/steam power palnt atau industri besar
 Pipa Transmisi dan Distribusi Gas
• Sistem Perpipaan Distribusi
– Pipa distribusi adalah pipa yang dipasang dengan tujuan untuk menyalurkan gas dari
sumber suplai gas yang berasal dari pipa transmisi kepada konsumen. Pada sistem
distribusi dikenal istilah pipa utama dan pipa sektor. Pipa utama adalah pipa yang
digunakan untuk mengantarkan gas ke beberapa konsumen dalam suatu rute.
Sedangkan pipa sektor adalah pipa dari percabangan pipa utama yang mengantarkan
gas ke alat metering atau peralatan konsumen yang membutuhkan gas tersebut.
Diameter pipa yang sering digunakan sebagai pipa utama adalah 40 mm – 180 mm.
Sedangkan untuk pipa sektor, pipa yang digunakan berdiameter 13 mm – 20 mm. Pipa
dengan diameter yang lebih besar biasanya digunakan untuk keutuhan komersial dan
industri
Perbedaan Sistem Perpipaan Transmisi
dan Distribusi
Kondisi Standar
 Standar Teknis
• Standar teknis adalah spesifikasi teknis atau hal-hal yang terkait
dengan aspek teknis dalam perancangan dan operasional
kegiatan keteknikan yang disusun dan dibakukan berdasarkan
konsensus semua pihak terkait dengan mempertimbangkan
aspek keamanan, keselamatan, kesehatan, lingkungan,
perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi, serta
berdasarkan pengalaman, perkembangan masa kini dan masa
yang akan datang untuk memperoleh manfaat yang sebesar-
besarnya
 Standar Teknis
1. ANSI B 31.8
2. DNV OS F-101
3. Pemasangan Pipa Baja
4. Perencanaan dan Pemasangan Pipa PE
5. Standard Lainnya
 ANSI B 31.8
• ANSI B 31.8 merupakan standar yang digunakan
untuk sistem pipa transmisi dan distribusi gas bumi
(Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping System)
yang dikeluarkan oleh badan standar nasional
Amerika (American National Standards Institute).
• Standar ini juga digunakan di Indonesia dan saat ini
telah diadopsi menjadi Standar Pertambangan Migas
SPM No. 50.54.2, Sistem Perpipaan Transmisi dan
Distribusi Gas
 DNV OS F-101
• DNV OS F-101 merupakan standar yang digunakan untuk
Submarine Pipeline Systems, yang dikeluarkan oleh DNV
(Del Norske Verilas), suatu badan sertifikasi dan verifikasi di
Norwegia.
• Standar ini digunakan untuk perencanaan pipa minyak dan
gas serta pipa fluida lain yang melintasi perairan dan laut,
baik berupa pipa proses dan pipa transportasi serta struktur
bangunan.
• Standar ini baru dikeluarkan pada tahun 2000, merupakan
pengembangan dari standar DNV 1996, Rules for Submarine
Pipeline Systems dan digunakan secara luas oleh
perusahaan eksplorasi dan produksi migas di dunia terutama
di Laut Utara
 Pemasangan Pipa Baja
• Pemasangan pipa gas yang menggunakan material baja
standar mengacu pada standar SPM 5D.54.0,
Pengelasan Saluran Pipa dan Fasilitas yang terkait.
• Standar ini diadopsi dari standar API 11.04 dari American
Pipeline Institute
Perencanaan dan Pemasangan Pipa PE
• Perencanaan dan pemasangan pipa gas yang
menggunakan material plastik polyethylene (PE)
mengacu pada standar SNI 13-3507-1994.
• Standar ini merupakan hasil adopsi standar Inggris
BG/PS/Dis 5.3 Part A & B serta standar SNI 13-3502-
1994
 Standar Lain
• Standar lain yang merupakan pendukung dan referensi
dalam perancangan teknis diantaranya adalah standar
pipa (API 51), standar kerangan (API 6D), standar
material (ASTM), standar pengujian (ASME) dan lain-lain
 Persamaan Aliran Gas
1. Persamaan Panhandle A
2. Persamaan Panhandle B
3. Persamaan Weymouth
4. Persamaan Polyflow
5. Persamaan Poles
6. Persamaan Moody
7. Persamaan AGA
8. Persamaan IGT
9. Persamaan Darcy-Weisbach
10.Persamaan Beggs-Brill
11.Persamaan Eaton
 Perhitungan Heat Loss (hf)

fLu 2 ud
hf  Re 
2 gd 
Re = Reynold number
 = densitas fluida (kg/m3)
f = faktor friksi dari grafik d = diameter dalam pipa (m)
L = panjang pipa (m)
u = kecepatan aliran melalui pipa (m/s)
g = gravitasi, 9.81 m/s2
d = diameter dalam pipa (m)
Estimation of friction factor
The absolute roughness of pipes
 Contoh 2
• Pipa dengan diameter 4” mengalirkan alir dengan laju alir
50 m3/jam sepanjang 100 m. Bahan pipanya cast iron
• Hitung heat loss-nya
 Jawaban
Q 50
u   1.77 m/s
A 36003.14 0.1 / 4
2

ud 10001.7 0.1

Re    177000
 0.001
absolute roughness k 0.26
Relative roughness     0.0026
internal diameter d 100
Sesuai dengan grafik, maka f = 0.025

hf 
fLu


2
0.025100 1.77 
2
 4 m per 100 m pipa
2 gd 29.810.1
Minor Loss
Coefficient
2
ku
hmin or loss 
2g
Pressure
Drop
 Pipa PE (Poly-Ethylene)
• Ketebalan pipa PE dihitung berdasarkan nilai SDR
(Standard Dimension Ratio):
 Tekanan Operasi PE
2 MRS
MOP 
SDR  1Hd
MOP = Tekanan operasi maksimum atau Maximum Operating Pressure
(Mpa)
MRS = Minimum Required Strength (Mpa), dapat dilihat dari daftar
“physical properties“ dari material PE yang ditawarkan
SDR = Standard Dimention Ratio (nominal diameter luar/nominal
ketebalan dinding yang dispesifikasikan)
Hd = Rasio menahan abrasi pipa PE terhadap pipabaja, nilainya sama
dengan 4 (empat)
 Simulator Sistem Perpipaan
• Pipesim
• Pipephase
• OLGA
• Pipe Flow Expert
Contoh 3 (PIPESIM)
Jaringan A

Jaringan B
 Batasan Operasi
• Kecepatan gas 10 – 60 fps
• Jatuh tekanan
 Pipe Sizing Rules of Thumb
NO Type of LIne Pressure Drop (psi/100 ft) Velocity (fps)
Average Maximum
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Pemodelan Pipa Distribusi dengan
PIPESIM
Pilih “NEW Network”
Setup: Unit dan Komposisi
Drag: Source, Junction dan Sink
Pipa Percabangan (Branch)
 Setup Komposisi

Blok komponen

Klik
Setup SOURCE

Suhu
Tekanan
Laju alir
Trial 1: Panjang dan ID Pipa
RUN (Harus Disimpan Dulu)
Hasil Simulasi

Terlalu tinggi 
karena PIPA terlalu
KECIL
Trial 2: Diameter Pipa

OK
 Trial 3: Panjang Pipa Maksimum
• Panjang Maks: 50 km (kecepatan < 60 fps)
Plot Penurunan Tekanan