Presented by :

Jignesh M. Ahir
Oral communication:
 Def. :-Oral communication, while primarily referring to
spoken verbal communication, can also employ visual aids
and non-verbal elements to support the conveyance of
meaning. Oral communication includes speeches,
presentations, discussions, and aspects of interpersonal
communication. As a type of face-to-face
communication, body language and choice tonality play a
significant role, and may have a greater impact upon the
listener than informational content. This type of
communication also garners immediate feedback.
Oral communication : advantage
 Direct- spontaneous & forthright
 Physical closeness leading to a closer relationship
 Meaning conveyed through words, tone of voice & body
language
 Easier to convince or persuade
 Allows for participation & contribution from all present
 Supplementary points can be raised in course of
communication
 Structure of message can be non formal, less literary styled
without special skills.
ORAL COMMUNICATION: DISADVANTAGE
 Gives rise to ambiguity- no record of proof available
 Gives rise to emotional rather than rational
communication
 Rise in emotion may lead to unintended communication
 Makes an unpleasant fact or news more abrupt
 Inadequate time for the speaker to encode the message
 Listening skills of the receiver may not be good
 Distorted message due to distraction/noise etc
Written communication:-
 Over time the forms of and ideas about
communication have evolved through progression
of technology. Advances include communications
psychology and media psychology; an emerging
field of study. Researchers divide the progression
of written communication into three revolutionary
stages called "Information Communication
Revolutions"
WRITTNE COMMUNICATION: ADVANTAGE

 Provides written record & evidence of dispatch &

receipt
 Capable of relaying complex ideas
 Provides analysis, evaluation & summary
 Disseminates information to dispersed receivers
 Forms basis for contractor agreement
 Writer has time to deliberate and revise the
message.
WRITTEN COMMUNICATION: DISADVANTAGE

 Can take time to produce. Can be expensive

 Communication tends to be more formal, cold & distant
 Can cause the problems of interpretation
 Instant feedback is not possible
 Once dispatched it is not easy to modify the message
 Does not allow for spot exchange of views
 Message may be misled, borrowed wrongly, etc
 Diverse receivers in due course leads to distorted meaning
 Distant reader difficult to gauge
 Relays solely on written words-absence of body language
 Immediate clarification is not possible.
BARRIERS TO COMMUNICATION
 Distortion
 Drawing inference
 Jumping to conclusions
 Confusion of meaning
 Past experience
 Failure to listen
 Assumptions
 Stereotyping persons
 Premature evaluation
 Perception
 Fear
 Language
 Badly expressed message
MEASURES TO OVERCOME BARRIERS

 Knowing your audience

 Timely & meaningful message
 Audience to remove its own barriers
 Use of informal and face to face communication
 Direct contact between sender and receiver.
 Mutual trust and confidence.
Behavioural skills for good communication:
 Non Verbal: Eye contact, facial expression, tone of voice,
gestures

 Verbal: Clear requests, Responding effectively to

criticism, resisting negative influence, listening to
others, helping others, being part of positive peer group.
Behavioural qualities:
 Self-awareness
 Personal decision making
 Managing feelings
 Handling stress
 Empathy
 Communication
 Self-disclosure
 Insight
 Self-acceptance
 Assertiveness
 Group dynamics
 Conflict resolution
 Criticism v/s Critique
EFFECTIVE LISTENING

“ Listening is an active process of receiving stimuli,

which is taken in by the individual and in some way
processed or utilized.”

It is thus distinguished from hearing, as a physiological

process.
Active listening:
 Enables to check on accuracy of understanding
what the speaker said and meant
 Acceptance of speakers feelings and identifies
with them
 Most importantly it stimulates the speaker to
explore further his thoughts and feelings
Techniques of active listening:
1. Paraphrase the speakers thoughts

2. Express understanding of the speakers feelings

3. Ask questions
Consider the following exchange:

Speaker: That creep gave me a C on the paper. I really worked hard on

that project and I get a lousy C.
Listener 1: That’s no so bad; most people got around the same grade. I
got a C too.
Listener 2: So what? That is last semester. Who cares about
grades anyway?
Listener 3: you should be pleased with a C. Ashok and Geeta
both failed and Ravi and Nisha got Ds
Listener 4: You got a C on that paper you were working on for the last
three weeks? You sound really hurt and angry.
Thank you..!