Electrical

safety
Grounding system

Calzita, Alissa Jyn A.

Go, Queenie Ann P.
Reas, Rica D,
What is Electrity?
Electricity is a set of phenomenon associated with the
presence and motion of matter that has property of
electric charge.
This is the energy created by the free or controlled
movement of charged particles such as electrons,
protons, and ions.
What is Electrical Safety?
Electrical safety is a system of organizational
measures and technical means to prevent harmful
or dangerous effects on
workers from electric
current, electric arc,
electromagnetic field
and static electricity.
 Why it so
important to
work safely
with or near
The voltage of the electricity and the available
electrical current in regular businesses and
homes has enough power to cause death by
electrocution. Even changing a light bulb
without unplugging the lamp can be
hazardous because coming in contact with the
"hot", "energized" or "live" part of the socket,
COULD KILL A PERSON.
What is ground?
A ground is a conductive connection between electrical
circuit or equipment and earth or ground plane.

What is
grounding?
A safety measure devised to prevent people from
getting shocked if the insulation inside electrical
devices fails.
What Is Grounding
System?
In an electrical installation, an earthing
system or grounding system connects specific parts of
that installation with the Earth's conductive surface for
safety and functional purposes. The point of reference is
the Earth's conductive surface. The choice of earthing
system can affect the safety and electromagnetic
compatibility of the installation.
How Earthing came
into
Humansexistence?
first began using electricity in their
homes in the 19th century. Initially, we weren’t
aware of the potential dangers of current when it
comes in contact with the human body.
Between 1880 and 1920, the transmission and
distribution of electrical power were carried out via
unearthed neutral connections. The supply lines were
uninsulated and placed out of reach so that humans
wouldn’t come in contact with them. Homes were
supplied with 110 V AC. It was a massive recipe for
disaster. During this period, many people had to
endure electric shocks and rampant blown fuses.
In 1923, France made it mandatory for motors with
ratings of higher than 150 V to have insulated chassis
and a proper earthing system in place. Thus, for a
generation of “shocked” people who had endured
atrocities from their electrical appliances, a new era
had dawned. With earthing norms in place, better
days were ahead.
IEC terminology (International
Electrotechnical Commission)
International standard IEC 60364 distinguishes
three families of earthing arrangements, using the
two-letter codes TN, TT, and IT.
The first letter indicates the connection between
earth and the power-supply equipment (generator or
transformer):
"T" — Direct connection of a point with earth
(French: terre)
"I" — No point is connected with earth
(French: isolé), except perhaps via a high
impedance.
The second letter indicates the connection between
earth or network and the electrical device being
supplied:
"T" — Earth connection is by a local direct connection
to earth (French: terre), usually via a ground rod.
"N" — the neutral connection is supplied by the
electricity supply network (French: neutre),
The TN - S
earthing
system
The TT
(terre-terre)
earthing
system
The IT
(isolé-terre)
earthing
system
3 main reasons
Why is
Earthing/
Grounding
necessary?
 Human
safety
A properly earthed
device doesn’t leak out
any current. This
prevents humans from
getting shocked if any
internal faults in the
device occur.
Safety of Electrical
Equipment
Earthing provides stability to electronic
equipment. It prevents over-current or excessive
voltage in appliances. Over-voltage can cause the
device to spontaneously combust due to
overheating, so technically, earthing is also a fire
prevention measure
Protection of Buildings
from Lightning
The earthing device is in the form of
lightning arrestors, which are placed at the
highest point of the building and connected
to the ground via a conducting wire or
plate.
 Types of Grounding
systems
Different methods are available but the choice
depends on local conditions and required function.
Single stake
The simplest form of grounding element is the
ground stake, this can take many forms with a
variety of lengths from a few feet to many feet
long made of materials such as brass,
galvanised or stainless steel, the size and
material as required locally
 Single stake
The simple ground rod can be
used for lightning protection on
stand-alone structures such as
pole mounted transformers or
radio towers, it can also be used
as a back up to a utility ground.
Ground rod group
A slightly more complicated version of the rod
system is the ground rod group, this is
typically for lightning protection on larger
structures or protection around potential
hotspots such as substations.
 Ground plate:
Ground plates are used widely in telecoms
applications. They are particularly good where
the deeper ground has high resistivity. For areas
where there is rock (or other poor conducting
material) fairly close to the surface ground
plates are preferred as they are more effective
 Ground mesh:
Ground mesh consists of network of bars connected
together, this system is often used at larger sites
such as electrical substations. At substation site an
area of ground could be reserved at the start of the
life of the substation with a ground mesh under the
whole of the site.
What factors affect
earthing installations?
The type of soil is crucial for calculating the effectiveness
of the earthing.
Earth’s resistance
Moisture level in the soil
Salts in the soil
Composition of the soil.
Location of the earth pit
Ground testing
methods:
1. Resistivity method(
Wenner method):
Used to determine which type of earthing is
to be used by knowing the resistance(RE)
 Fall of potential testing (Three
or Four pole method)
- Most commonly used method of testing.
- Three or four pole method, this refers to the number
of connections made to the ground tester.
- The forth pole of the connection is made if the wire
to connect to the system under test is
particularly long >> 4 meters. The additional wire
cancels out an error due to the extended length
of wire used.
 Selective measurement
-method:
The selective method is based on the
Fall of Potential test.
- A current clamp is used to isolate the test current
injected into the electrodes under test, the
current will flow to earth by any path.
 The stake less method:
- Eliminates the need for temporary ground stakes.
- This is useful in a wide range of situations.
E.g.: Inside buildings, Airports, Urban locations
Chemical and industrial plant
- The temporary ground stakes are replaced by two
current clamps. The first clamp generates a voltage on
the ground conductor, the second clamp measures the
current flowing due to the generated voltage.
 Two pole method:
- Used where other methods are not available.
- Uses nearby metal structures as a temporary spike.
- Metal water pipes are typically used
Drawbacks:
- The resistance of the metal pipe should be
significantly less than the electrode under test.
- Metal pipes are being replaced with plastic.
- Some metal pipes use plastic couplings.
Summary:
THANKS!
Any questions?

JUUUKE ONLEEE 😂