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Resonance (NMR)
Molecular Spectroscopy
I=5/2
17O, 25Mg, 27Al, 55Mn, 67Zn.
Dari semua inti atom yang dapat dideteksi dengan
NMR, yang paling penting adalah inti proton, karena:
Jumlahnya melimpah di alam,
Semua senyawa organik (beberapa senyawa
anorganik) memilki inti proton (1H)
1.a. Spin and Magnetic Field
RF
Frequency of absorption: n = g Bo / 2p
TEORI
Energi kuantum (E) dapat dirumuskan sbb:
mHo
E
I
m= bilangan kuantum magnet
I = bilangan kuantum spin
μ=momen magnet (untuk proton 2,7927)
β=tetapan magnet inti (5,051x10-24 erg G-1)
Ho=kekuatan medan magnet (Gauss,G)
Untuk melakukan transisi dari tingkat energi
rendah ke tingkat energi yang lebih tinggi, inti
proton memerlukan energi sebesar 2μβHo
60 10 Hz 60 MHz
6
Persamaan Boltzman
Nisbah jumlah inti yang berorientasi paralel
(+1/2) = Nα
Terhadap jumlah inti yang berorientasi
antiparalel (-1/2) = Nβ
Dinyatakan dengan:
Nα ΔE AE 2Bo
exp ( ) 1 1
Nβ KT KT KT
Maka terlihat bahwa nisbah kedua inti atom yang
orientasinya berbeda sangat dipengaruhi oleh Bo
Eksitasi
Irradiasi sampel oleh energi frekuensi radio (rf)
menyebabkan sampel mengabsorpsi foton dan
menyebabkan terjadinya transisi dari inti dari keadaan
+1/2 ke -1/2.
1.d. Frekuensi Sinyal
• Untuk spin inti 1/2, perbedaan energi di antara 2
orientasi spin pada kekuatan medan magnet tertentu
sebanding dengan momen magnetnya
• Harga momen magnet untuk empat inti yang umum
digunakan adalah:
1H μ = 2.7927
19F μ = 2.6273
31P μ = 1.1305
13C μ = 0.7022.
Apabila inti atom yang telah berada di bawah
pengaruh medan magnet luar tadi dikenakan
radiasi elekromagnetik (RF) yang setara
frekuensinya, maka sebagian momen magnet
yang orientasinya +1/2 akan menjadi -1/2
CH 3
H3 C Si CH 3
CH 3
Tetramethylsilane (TMS)
TMS
• Khusus ditambahkan terhadap zat yang tidak
larut dalam air
• TMS memiliki 12 proton yang setara sehingga
akan memberikan spektrum puncak tunggal
yang kuat
• Hampir semua senyawa organik memberikan
resonansi bawah medan terhadap TMS. Si
elektro positif terhadap C
Untuk sampel yang larut air,
sebagai standar internal dipakai:
• Na DSS, natrium 4,4-dimetil-4-silapentanasulfonik
CH 3
H2 H2
H 3C Si C C CH 2SO 3-Na+
CH 3
Electroneg-
CH3 -X ativity of X of H
CH3 F 4.0 4.26
CH3 OH 3.5 3.47
CH3 Cl 3.1 3.05
CH3 Br 2.8 2.68
CH3 I 2.5 2.16
(CH 3 ) 4 C 2.1 0.86
(C H3 ) 4 Si 1.8 0.00 (by definition
6. Efek Anisotropi
H H
H H
O O O O O O
N N N
H H H H H H
H H H H H H
H H H
Efek Mesomeri
NH2
8. Efek Pelarut
• Kloroform-d (CDCl3) adalah pelarut yang paling
umum digunakan dalam pengukuran nmr, hal ini
karena karakter kelarutan yang baik dan relatif
tidak reaktif secara alami (kecuali untuk amina 1º
and 2º)
• Senyawa berlabel seperti deuterium oxide (D2O),
benzene-d6 (C6D6), acetone-d6 (CD3COCD3) dan
DMSO-d6 (CD3SOCD3) juga tersedia
• Karena beberapa pelarut tersebut memiliki
elektron π dan dapat seperti ikatan hidrogen,
chemical shifts dari berbagai kelompok proton
yang berbeda dapat berubah tergantung dari
pelarut yang digunakan
Some Typical 1H Chemical Shifts (δ values) in Selected Solvents
Solvent
CDCl3 C6D6 CD3COCD3 CD3SOCD3 CD3C?N D2 O
Compound
(CH3)3C–O–CH3
C–CH3 1.19 1.07 1.13 1.11 1.14 1.21
O–CH3 3.22 3.04 3.13 3.03 3.13 3.22
(CH3)3C–O–H
C–CH3 1.26 1.05 1.18 1.11 1.16 ---
O–H< 1.65 1.55 3.10 4.19 2.18 ---
C6H5CH3
CH3 2.36 2.11 2.32 2.30 2.33 ---
C6H5 7.15-7.20 7.00-7.10 7.10-7.20 7.10-7.15 7.15-7.30 ---
Ha Hb
1 1
C C
Ha Hb
1 2 1
C C Hb
Ha Hb
C C Hb 1 3 3 1
Hb
Magnitude of Some Typical Coupling Constants
<
Coupling Constants
• Coupling constant (J): the distance between peaks in an
NMR multiplet, expressed in hertz
– J is a quantitative measure of the magnetic interaction of
nuclei whose spins are coupled
Ha Ha
HaHb
-C-C- Hb
Hb
6-8 Hz 8-14 Hz 0-5 Hz
Ha Ha Hb Ha
C C C C C C
Hb Hb
11-18 Hz 5-10 Hz 0-5 Hz
Intensitas Sinyal
• The area under each peak is proportional to
the number of protons.
• Shown by integral trace.
=>
Intensity of Signals
=>
1,4-dimethylbenzene
1,1,2-trichloroethane
Methyl Acetate
O
H3C C O CH3
Ethyl acetate
O
H3C C O CH2CH3
Isopropyl alcohol
C7H12O4
13C-NMR
carbon in a sample.
• The gyromagnetic ratio of 13C is one-fourth of that
of 1H.
• Peak areas are not proportional to number of
carbons.
• Carbon atoms with more hydrogens absorb more
strongly.
• Signals are weak, getting lost in noise.
→ higher field strength magnets
→ Fourier transform instruments
Hydrogen and Carbon Chemical
Shifts
=>
Carbon – 13 shifts
Combined 13C
and 1H Spectra
=>
Spin-Spin Splitting
• It is unlikely that a 13C would be adjacent to
another 13C, so splitting by carbon is
negligible.
• 13C will magnetically couple with attached
protons and adjacent protons.
• These complex splitting patterns are
difficult to interpret.
=>
Interpreting 13C NMR
• The number of different signals indicates the
number of different kinds of carbon.
• The location (chemical shift) indicates the
type of functional group.
• The splitting pattern of off-resonance
decoupled spectrum indicates the number of
protons attached to the carbon. =>
Off-Resonance Decoupling
• 13C
nuclei are split only by the protons
attached directly to them.
• The N + 1 rule applies: a carbon with N
number of protons gives a signal with
N + 1 peaks.
=>
13C-NMR
decoupled mode
–Off-Resonance Decoupled Spectra
• Broad-band decoupling removes all information about the number of
hydrogens attached to each carbon
• Off-resonance decoupling removes some of the coupling of carbons to
hydrogens so that the coupled peaks will not overlap
• Use of off-resonance decoupled spectra has been replaced by use of DEPT
13C NMR
=>
– Example: 1-chloro-2-propanol
• (a) The broadband decoupled spectrum and (b) a set
of DEPT spectra showing the separate CH, CH2, and
CH3 signals
2D NMR
• Homonuclear
Through bond: COSY, TOCSY, 2D-
INADEQUATE
Through space: NOESY, ROESY
• Heteronuclear correlation
One-bond correlation HSQC, HMQC
Long-range correlation HMBC
• COSY= Correlated Spectroscopy
• NOESY=Nuclear Overhauser Effect
Spectroscopy (an HH COSY analogue
format for detection of NOE)
• HMBC (Heteronuclear Multiple Bond
Coherence)
• HSQC (Heteronuclear Single Quantum
Coherence)
2-D COSY spectrum of ethanol
H3 H2
H3 C3 C2 O H1
H3 H2
There are cross peaks between OH and CH2 hydrogens
H3 H2
H3 C3 C2 O H1
H3 H2
and also between CH3 and CH2 hydrogens hydrogens.
There are no cross peaks between the CH3 and OH hydrogens because there is no coupling
H2 H3 H1
H1
H3
H2
CH3CH2CH2OH
H3 H2 H1
H1 H4 H2 H3
H3 C3 C2 C1 OH4
H3 H2 H1
H3
H2
H4
H1
H3
H1 O H1
(CH3)2CHOH H1 C1 C2 C1 H1
H3 H1 H1 H2 H1
H2
H1
H3
H2
H5
H1 H2 O H4
CH3CH2CH(OH)CH3 H1 C1 C2 C3 C4 H4
H4
H1 H2 H3 H4
H2 H1
H3
H5
Ho H2 H1
C6H5CH2CH3 Hm C C H1
H2 H1
H o,m,p Hp Ho
H2 H1
Hm
2D COSY Spectrum of
2,3-Dibromo Propionic Acid Ethyl Ester in CDCl3
H5
Br Br H4 H5
H1 C1 C2 C3 O C4 C5 H5
H1' H2 O H4 H5
H1’
H1
H4
H2
2D Proton-Carbon HSQC NMR Spectrum of
C1
C2
C4
Problem 1. C4H8O2
Spektrum 1H
Spektrum 13C
Problem 2. C8H8O2
Spektrum 1H
Spektrum 13C
Problem 3. C7H8O2
Spektrum IR
Spektrum 1H
Spektrum 13C