It is impossible to maintain dimensions , geometrical
properties & surface roughness of components with absolute accuracy in production process.
Limit ,fits and tolerance are necessary to ensure
INTERCHANGEBILITY of mating parts , coupled with the desired degree of tightness or looseness of assembly.
Lack of tolerance leads to improper fits,it will also add to
delay & higher cost. LIMITS, FITS & TOLERANCE
Limits :maximum and minimum permissible sizes within which
the actual size of a component lies.
Fit: is an assembly condition between ‘Hole’ & ‘Shaft’
Tolerance : It is impossible to make anything to an exact size,
therefore it is essential to allow a definite tolerance or permissible variation on every specified dimension. LIMITS, FITS & TOLERANCE Terminology:- As per BIS are as below; Size:- It is a number expressed in a particular unit in the measurement of length Basic Size:- It is the size based on which the dimensional deviations are given. Actual Size:- It is the size of the component by actual measurement after it is manufactured. It should lie between the two limits of size. Zero line:- In graphical representation of the above terms, the zero line represents the basic size. This line is also called as the line of zero deviation. Limits of size:- These are the extreme permissible sizes within which the operator is expected to make the component. Maximum limit of size is the greater of the two limit size, whereas the Minimum limit of size is the smaller of the two limit of size. Hole:- All internal features of a component including those which are not cylindrical are designated as ‘Hole’. Shaft:- All external features of a component including those which are not cylindrical are designated as ‘Shaft’. Deviation:- It is the algebraic difference between a size, to its corresponding basic size. It may be positive, negative or zero. Upper Deviation:- It is the algebraic difference between maximum limit of size and its corresponding basic size. Lower Deviation:- It is the algebraic difference between minimum limit of size and its corresponding basic size. Actual Deviation: It is the algebraic difference between actual size and its corresponding basic size. Tolerance:- It is the difference between maximum limit of size and the minimum limit of size. It is always positive and is expressed only as a number without a sign.
•Why Tolerance?
•Varing properties of the material
•Production machines inherent inaccuracies. •It is impossible for an operator to make perfect settings. While setting up the tools and workpiece on the machine, some errors are likely to creep in. Different Types of Tolerance
Unilateral Tolerance: In this
method of presenting the limits, both the limits of size are on the same side of the zero line.
Bilateral Tolerance: Here one of
the limits is on one side of the Zero line zero line And the other limit of size is on the other side of the line. Geometric tolerances 1) Geometric tolerances are different from the tolerances allowed for the size of feature, they specify the allowable variation of the shape of a feature.
2) There are 3 basic types:
1.Form 2.Orientation 3.Position tolerances
3) Geometric tolerances are specified using a control frame
consisting of a tolerance symbol, a tolerance value & optional datum planes. Geometric Tolerance Symbols Allowance It is an intentional difference between the maximum material limits of mating parts, For shaft, the maximum material will be it’s high limit and for hole, it will it’s low limit The positive allowance is clearance and negative allowance is interference. Fundamental deviation:- There are 25 fundamental deviation in the BIS system represented by letter , symbols ( Capital letters for holes and small letters for shaft) Fundamental Tolerance:- This is also called as ‘grade of tolerance’ . In the Indian Standard System there are 18 grades represented by number symbols, both for hole and shaft denoted as IT01, IT0, IT1, IT2…… IT16. A high number FIT:- It is the relationship that exists between two mating parts, a hole and shaft with respect to their dimensional difference before assembly. Three types of fit are given hereunder;
Clearance fit:- It is a fit which always
provides clearance. Here the tolerance zone of the hole will be above the Clearanc e fit tolerance zone of the shaft. Maximum clearance is the difference between the maximum hole and minimum shaft. Hole Shaft Minimum Clearance is the difference between the minimum hole and maximum shaft. Use:- pivots , latches fit of parts exposed to corrosive effects Interference fit:- It is a fit which always provides intereference . Here the tolerance zone of the hole will be below the tolerance zone of shaft . Maximum interference is the algebraic difference between the minimum hole and maximum shaft. Minimum inetreferance is the algebraic difference between the maximum hole and minimum shaft Ex: Bearing, bushes, Keys & key ways Transition fit:- It is a fit which may sometimes provides clearance and sometimes interference. When this class of fit is represented graphically, the tolerance zone of the hole and shaft will overlap each other. Ex: Coupling rings, Spigot in mating holes, Pulleys and bushing, Flushed bolts etc.