UNIT-V

Fig. 10-1: Transmission windows

Fig. 10-2: Typical WDM Network
Fig. 10-3: Basic Star Coupler
Fig. 10-4: Fused-fiber coupler
Fig. 10-5:
Coupler
characteristics
Fig. 10-6: Generic 2X2 guided-wave coupler
Fig. 10-7:
Symmetric/
asymmetric
couplers
Fig. 10-8: Power distribution vs guide length
Fig. 10-9: Symmetric coupler response
Fig. 10-10: Asymmetric coupler response
Fig. 10-11: Fused-fiber star coupler
Fig. 10-12: 8x8 star coupler
Fig. 10-13: Basic Mach-Zehnder interferometer
Fig. 10-14: Four-channel wavelength multiplexer
Fig. 10-15: Reflection grating
Fig. 10-16: Bragg grating formation
Fig. 10-17: Simple demux function
Fig. 10-18: Arrayed waveguide grating
Fig. 10-20: Tunable DBR Laser
Fig. 10-21: Tunable laser characteristics
Fig. 10-23: Tunable optical filter
Fig. 10-27: Extended add/drop mux
Fig. 11-4: Erbium energy-level diagram
Fig. 11-5: EDFA configurations
Fig. 11-6: Gain versus EDFA length
Fig. 11-7: Gain versus pump level
Fig. 11-8: Output versus wavelength
Fig. 11-10: EDFA Noise Figure
Fig. 11-11: SNR degradation
Fig. 11-12a: Gain-flattened EDFA-A
Fig. 11-12b: Gain-flattened EDFA-B
Fig. 11-13: Passive gain control
Fig. 11-14: Wavelength conversion
Fig. 12-1:
Network
topologies
Fig. 12-2: Bus-coupler losses
Fig. 12-3: Linear bus topology
Fig. 12-4: Liner bus versus star coupler
Fig. 12-5: Basic STS-1 SONET frame
Fig. 12-6: Basic STS-N SONET frame
Fig. 12-7a: 2-fiber UPSR
Fig. 12-7b: 2-fiber UPSR
Fig. 12-8(varied): BLSR architecture
Fig. 12-9: BLSR reconfiguration
Fig. 12-10: Four-fiber BLSR Reconfiguration
Fig. 12-11: Generic SONET network
Fig. 12-12: SONET ADM
Fig. 12-13: Dense WDM deployment
Fig. 12-14: Two types of WDM LANs
Fig. 12-15: Single-hop network
Fig. 12-16: Multihop architecture
Fig. 12-17: Data packet
Fig. 12-18: ShuffleNet
Fig. 12-19: Wavelength reuse
Fig. 12-20: Optical cross-connect architecture
Fig. 12-21: Optical cross-connect
Fig. 12-22: Wavelength utilization
Fig. 12-23: Wavelength utilization
Fig. 12-24: Increase in utilization
Fig. 12-25: Effective length
Fig. 12-26: SRS effects
Fig. 12-27: Raman gain effects
Fig. 12-28: Allowed power per wavelength
Fig. 12-29: SBS effects
Fig. 12-30: SBS effect on CNR
Fig. 12-31: Spectral broadening due to SPM
Fig. 12-32: 3rd-order sidebands
Fig. 12-33: FWM efficiency
Fig. 12-34: Dispersion & power maps
Fig. 12-35: SNR degradation
Fig. 12-36: Interchannel crosstalk
Fig. 12-37: Intrachannel crosstalk
Fig. 12-38: Crosstalk penalties
Fig. 12-39: Kerr effect
Fig. 12-40: First-order soliton
Fig. 12-41: Hyperbolic secant
Fig. 12-42: Dispersion & nonlinear phase shifts
Fig. 12-43: Soliton pulse width
Fig. 13-1: Performance-measurement parameters
Fig. 13-7: OTDR operation
Fig. 13-9: Cutback technique
Fig. 13-10: Launch effects
Fig. 13-11: Insertion-loss technique
Fig. 13-12: Pulse-dispersion measurement
Fif. 13-13: Pulse-shape parameters
Fig. 13-14: Fiber frequency response
Fig. 13-15: Chromatic dispersion
Fig. 13-16: PMD measurement
Fig. 13-17: OSA trace for PMD
Fig. 13-18: OTDR trace
Fig. 13-19: Eye-diagram test setup
Fig. 13-20: Eye diagram
Fig. 13-21: NRZ patterns
Fig. 13-22: Simplified eye diagram
Fig. 13-23: LED spectrum
Fig. 13-24: Fabry-Perot laser spectrum
Fig. 13-25: DFB laser spectrum
Fig. 13-26: EDFA gain measurement
Fig. 13-27: Measuring EDFA noise figure