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What is the circulatory system?

 The circulatory system carries blood and dissolved


substances to and from different places in the body.

 The Heart has the job of pumping these things around


the body.

 The Heart pumps blood and substances around the


body in tubes called blood vessels.

 The Heart and blood vessels together make up the


Circulatory System.
How does this system work?

pulmonary vein lungs pulmonary artery

head & arms

aorta
main vein

Right Left

liver

digestive system

kidneys

legs

Circulatory System
Our circulatory system is a double circulatory system.
This means it has two parts.

Lungs

the right side of the left side of


the system the system

deals with deals with

deoxygenated oxygenated
blood.
blood.
Body cells
Anatomy of the heart
Location and size of the heart
• The heart is situated between the lungs
and mediastinum
• About 2/3 of its mass is to the left of
midline
• The heart is about 12 cm long, 9 cm
wide, and 6 cm thick
Pericardium
• Consists of an outer fibrous layer and
an inner serous pericardium
• Serous pericardium consists of parietal
and visceral layer
Heart wall
• The wall of the heart has
3 layers:
– Epicardium- consists
of mesothelium and
connective tissue
– Myocarduim-
composed od cardiac
muscle tissue
– Endocardium- consists
of endothelium and
connective tissue
Chambers of the heart
• The chambers includetwo upper atria
and two lower ventricles
• An interatrial septum separates the
atria and an interventricular septum
separates the ventricles
The Heart

This is a vein. It brings These are arteries.


blood from the body, They carry blood
except the lungs. away from the heart.

2 atria
Coronary arteries,
the hearts own
2 ventricles blood supply

The heart has four chambers

now lets look inside the heart


Blood flow to the heart
“CORONARY CIRCULATION”
• Blood flows to the heart from the superior and
inferior vena cava right atrium tricuspid valve
right ventricle pulmonary arteries lungs
pulmonary veins left atrium bicuspid valve
left ventricle aorta

• Divisions of the aorta:


– Ascending aorta
– Arch of aorta
– Thoracic aorta
– Abdominal aorta
The Heart

Artery to Lungs Artery to Head and Body

Vein from Head and Body


Vein from Lungs

Right Atrium
Left Atrium

valve valve

Right Ventricle Left Ventricle


How does the Heart work?

STEP ONE

blood from the blood from


body the lungs

The heart beat begins when the


heart muscles relax and blood
flows into the atria.
How does the Heart work?

STEP TWO

The atria then contract and


the valves open to allow blood
into the ventricles.
How does the Heart work?

STEP THREE

The valves close to stop blood


flowing backwards.

The ventricles contract forcing


the blood to leave the heart.

At the same time, the atria are


relaxing and once again filling with
blood.

The cycle then repeats itself.


what’s in
digested food
red blood cells white blood cells

oxygen waste (urea)

carbon dioxide platelets

plasma hormones
Blood
• Liquid connective tissue that has the
following functions:
– Transportation- of oxygen, carbon dioxide,
nutrients, wastes and hormones
– Regulation- of body pH, body temperature,
and water content of cells
– Protection- through clotting mechanisms
against blood loss; antibodies against
infection
Components of Blood

red blood cell white blood cell

platelets plasma
Red Blood Cells
contain haemoglobin, a
a biconcave disc that is molecule specially designed
round and flat without a to hold oxygen and carry it
nucleus to cells that need it.

can change shape to an


amazing extent, without
breaking, as it squeezes
single file through the
capillaries.
White Blood Cells

there are many different types and


all contain a big nucleus.

the two main ones are the


lymphocytes and the macrophages.

macrophages ‘eat’ and digest micro-


organisms .

some lymphocytes fight disease by making antibodies to destroy


invaders by dissolving them.
other lymphocytes make antitoxins to break down poisons.
Platelets
Platelets are bits of cell
broken off larger cells.

Platelets produce
tiny fibrinogen
fibres to form a net.
This net traps other
blood cells to form a
blood clot.
Plasma
It also contains useful
things like;

• carbon dioxide

A straw- • glucose
coloured
• amino acids
liquid that
carries the • proteins
cells and the
platelets • minerals
which help • vitamins
blood clot.
• hormones
• waste materials
like urea.
blood from the heart gets around

the body through blood vessels

There are 3 types of blood vessels

a. ARTERY

b. VEIN

c. CAPILLARY
The ARTERY
Arteries carry blood away from the heart.

the elastic fibres allow


the artery to stretch
under pressure

thick muscle and


the thick muscle can
elastic fibres
contract to push the
blood along.
ARTERY
• Carries blood away from the heart
• Large arteries are referred to as
elastic arteries
• Medium sized are called muscular
arteries
Arterioles
• Small arteries that deliver blood to the
capillaries
• through constriction and dilation, they
assume a key role in regulating blood
flow from arteries to capillaries and in
altering arterial blood pressure
The CAPILLARY
Capillaries link Arteries with Veins

they exchange materials


between the blood and
other body cells.

the wall of a capillary


is only one cell thick The exchange of materials
between the blood and the
body can only occur through
capillaries.
The CAPILLARY
A collection of capillaries is known as a capillary bed.
bed

artery vein

capillaries
body cell
Venules
• Small vessels that continue from
capillaries and merge from veins
• They drain blood to from capillaries to
veins
The VEIN
Veins carry blood towards the heart.

veins have valves which


act to stop the blood
from going in the
wrong direction.

thin muscle and


elastic fibres body muscles surround the veins
so that when they contract to
move the body, they also squeeze
the veins and push the blood along
the vessel.
Blood Vessels
Circulatory routes:
• Systemic circulation: takes oxygenated
blood from the left ventricle through the
aorta to all parts of the body and then
returns the deoxygenated blood to the right
atrium
• Pulmonary circulation: takes deoxygenated
blood from the right ventricle to the air sacs
of the lungsand returns oxygenated blood
from the lungs to the left atrium
Blood distribution
• Blood reservoirs store blood, which
through vasoconstriction can move to
other parts of the body
• These reservoirs are the veins of the
abdominal organs and skin
Checking Circulation
• Pulse – felt in the artery (normal pulse
rate is between 70-80 beats per
minute)
• Blood pressure- measured by the use of
spygmomanometer (normal BP is 120/80
mmHg)
SUMMARY
copy and complete the following;

away
Arteries take blood ______ from the heart. The walls of an artery

muscular
are made up of thick _________ walls and elastic fibres. Veins
towards capillaries
carry blood ________ the heart and also have valves. The

_________ link arteries and veins, and have a one cell thick wall.
plasma
Blood is made up of four main things ______, the liquid part of the
oxygen
blood; Red Blood Cells to carry ______; White Blood cells to protect
platelets
the body from disease and _________ to help blood clot.

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