“Developing tourism

products that are

commercially viable”
Tourism Development theories
Advocacy Theories
• Laissez Faire Theory
Theory assumes that the industry, such as tourism, will
function best when it is left solely to market forces. This is
also known as liberal economic theory.
• Modernization Theory
As applied to tourism assumes that tourism contributes to
the economic progress and transformation of “traditional”
societies into modern ones.
• Trickle-down Theory
Related to modernization theory is the trickle-down
theory. This theory assumes that any form of economic
growth will lead to the improvement of the living conditions
of all.
• Neoliberal Theory
Neoliberal theory of development posits that the economy
functions best when there is minimal government
intervention.
Cautionary Theories
• Dependency Theory
states that tourism can actually worsen the plight of “Third
world countries because the “first world” countries exploit
and siphon off the resources of the latter.
• Irridex Model
Doxey’s irritation Index model (Irridex model) is a theory
about the social impacts of tourism. It states that residents
attitudes towards tourism will deteriorate over the destination
life cycle as the negative consequences of tourism intensify.
Approaches to Tourism planning and
Development
• No Planning
Many destinations start out with no tourism planning at all
• Ad-hoc Planning
planning only as the need arises, such as planning in
preparation for a town fiesta or when an important visitor is
coming.
• Integrated Tourism Planning
Is when tourism is developed and planned as an integrated
system within itself and as part of an overall tourism plan and
total development patterns in an area.
• Boosterist Approach
Boosterism sees tourism as a positive force for economic
development. Its primary goal is to maximize tourism
revenues through mass tourism.
• Product-led Development
“Build it and they will come”. Product led approach suggests
that the key to successful tourism program is to provide
infrastructure, facilities, and amenities to tourists.
• Spatial Pllanning Approach
is a type of product-led Tourism planning, but on a wider scale.
It focused on destination layout design” and breaks down
tourism into spatial units such as gateways, communities, access
routes, attraction complexes
• Demand - led approach
" know the costumer and satisfy them." This is the key to success
according to the Demand - led approach. Demand - led approach
is akin to Kotler's marketing orientation. Demand - led approach
is important in 2 reasons. First is we need to design the tourisn
product around the market, and second demand projections
serves as basis for expansion of the physical capasity of
destinantions.
• Bureaucratic/Government - led approachBureaucraric approach
put the government at the center of the planning development.
It is the primary and multi-tasking actor. Government may use
various types of policy instruments ( Dredge and Jenkins 2007)
to promote tourism - advocacy, money, action and laws.
Advocacy instrument refers to strategic plans, accredition
schemes, investment schemes, etc.
There are two types of Bureaucratic approaches:
*Central planning approach- is were national level agencies carry
out all function related to tourism planning and development.
*Develop planning approach- is were local government units
assume controls of tourism planning and development for thier
respective jurisdiction.
• Spatical Planning Approach
is a type of product-led tourism planning, but on a wider scale.
It is focused on destination layout and design and breaks down
tourism into spatial units such as gateways, communities, axcess
routes, attraction complexes (Dredge and Jenkins 2007).
• Middle Path Approach(Bhutan Model)
The opposite of boosterism is low volume, high yield tourism,
which Scheyvens (2007) called the “middle path appwach” of
bhutan where strict controls are impose on the types of volume
of tourism to maximize revenue but minimize the adverse
effects of tourism religion, culture, and the environment.
• Environmental Approach
works best when the place being considered for tourism
development is endowed with natural attractions of outstanding
beauty: remote, beyond the reach of commercial electric and
water services; or protected by laws, such as protected areas and
ancestral domains of indigenous people.
• Ecotourism Approach
suitable for of tourism form of tourism for places described
above. It is defined by the DOT(2002) as a “form of sustainable
tourism within a natural and cultural heritage area where
community participation, protection and managementof natural
resources, culture and indigenous knowledge and practices,
environment education and ethics, as well as economic benefits
are fostered and pursued for the enrichment of host
communities and satisfaction of visitors.
• Social Approach
Social approach to tourism planning emphasize the role of
stakeholders in the tourist planning process.
• Participatory/Stakeholders Approach
puts people at the center of the planning process. It is an
approach in which each relevant stakeholder has a say in the
deliberation and decision-making process.
• Community-based Tourism
“Tourism that is owned and/or managed by communities
and intended to deliver wider community benefit”(Armstrong
2012). The core idea of CBT is allowing a community to have
control over a tourism enterprise.
• Pro-poor Approach
defined as “tourist that generates net benefits for the poor”
• Fair trade movement
is a "response to the failure of conventional trade to deliver
sustainable livelihood and development opportunities to people in
the poorest countries to the world" (World Fair Trade Organization
2009)
• Sustainable Tourism Approach
Sustainable development was defined by the World Commission
on Environment as development (1987) also known as the
Brandtlan commission as, "development that meets the needs of
the present generation without compromising the ability of future
generations meet their own needs"
 Goals of sustainable tourism
1. Economic viability – the long term viability and competitiveness
of tourist destinations and enterprises.
2. Local prosperity – the maximation of the economic contribution
of tourist particularly the proportion of spending retained
locally.
3. Employment quality – the level of pay, working conditions, and
availability of work opportunities to all without discrimination
4. Social equity – the widespread and fair distribution of economic
and social benefits, and opportunities available to the poor.
5. Visitor fulfillment – the provision of safe, satisfying and fulfilling
experience to visitors, available to all without discrimination
6. Local control – the engagement and empowerment of local
communities in planning and decision-making for tourism
development in consultation with other stakeholder.
7. Community well-being – the enhancement of the quality of life
in local communities, as indicated bt social structures and access
to resources, amenities, and life support systems, and the absence
of social degradation or exploitation.
8. Cultural richness – the respect for and enhancement of the
historic heritage, authentic cultures, traditions, and distinctiveness
of host community.
9. Physical Integrity – the maintenance and enhancement of the
quality of landscapes, and avoiding the physical and visual
degradation of the environment.
10. Biological Diversity – the support for the conservation of
natural areas, habitats and wildlife and minimizing damage to
them.
11. Resource effeciency – the minimization of use of scarce
and non-renewable resources.
12. Environmental purity – the minimization of all forms of
pollution and waste generation by tourism enterprises and
visitors.
Principles and Strategies of Sustainable Tourism

• Setting the Course

1. Holistic. A holistic approach takes into account all impacts
and relationship within the tourism sector itself, and
considers tourism may affect public policies
2. Multi - stakeholder engagement. Tourism management
must be ensure buy - in (support) by the community by
providing the opportunity to every sector to have a voice in
the decission - making process from planning to
operational stage.
3. Long term Perspective. Tourism must be developed with
full consideration of the resources that are required to
keep projects viable in the long run
4. Adress both global and local impacts. These two levels of impacts
affect each other. For example, local health issues can spread and
become pandemics that restore international travel
5. Sustainable consumption. Sustainable tourism must also involve
modifying tourism consumption behaviors to ensure the viability of
the planet.
Developing the approach
• Polluter pays principle
• Precautionary principle
• Life cycle perspective
• Considering functional alternatives
• Respect limits
Ensuring Ongoing Progress
• Adapt to changes
• Monitor with the use of indicators