FOOD,NUTRITION AND

HEALTH
 FOOD : “All items come from biological
resources and water, both processed and
unprocessed (fresh), which are used as food
and drink for human consumption including
additive food material, raw food material, and
other materials utilized in the process of
preparing, processing, and/or making of food
and drink.”..
 HEALTH
“ ............. is a state of complete physical,
mental and social well being and not merely
absence of disease or infirmity”
--- WHO

 NUTRITION
“ ................... is a process of ingestion of food,
digestion, absorption, assimilation, and
utilization of various nutrients”
 What is the world food problem?

 Famine?
 Hunger
 The regional failure of food production or
distribution systems, leading to sharply
increased mortality due to starvation and
associated disease.
 Famine: a severe shortage of food (as through
crop failure) resulting in violent hunger and
starvation and death
 Hunger: A condition in which people do not
get enough food to provide the nutrients
(carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins,
minerals and water) for fully productive and
active lives.
 The uneasy or painful sensation caused by
lack of food. The recurrent and involuntary
lack of access to food.
 An uneasy sensation occasioned normally by
the want of food; a craving or desire for food.
 “All people, at all times, have the physical
and economic access to sufficient, safe
and nutritious food to meet their dietary
needs and food
preferences for
an active and
healthy life” (FAO, 1999)
 MALNUTRITION
“ .......................... a pathological state that results from
ingestion of one or more nutrients, either in exess or
deficient qualities over a period of time”
 Malnutrition – bad nourishment
◦ protein‐energy malnutrition (PEM)
◦ micro‐nutrient deficiency (vitamin and mineral)
◦ obesity?
Undernutrition: due to deficient intakes
Overnutrition : due to exess intakes
 COMMUNITY NUTRITIONAL STATUS IN INDONESIA

40
35
30
25
31.7 28.34 20.02
19
20 19.19 19.2
18.25 19.3
17.13
15
10
11.56 10.51
5 6.3 7.23 8.11 7.53 8 8.31 8.8

0
1989 1992 1995 1998 1999 2000 2002 2003 2005

G Buruk G Kurang
CHILDREN UNDER NUTRITIONAL STATUS IN 2005
 852 million = numbers decreased by 10
million since 1990‐2
◦ But regional variations in these changes

 On‐line data and analysis

◦ FAO’s annual “State of Food Insecurity
Reports”
 Since 1950
◦ world food production has increased by
100%
◦ world population has increased by 75%

 But regional disparities and imbalance

 Total
Million tons Million tons

Source: Data from FAO 2003, 2005-07.

World food stock decrease
 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
0

1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1974

1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Rice and wheat stock 1960-2007

2002
2003
2004
2005
2007

2006
2007
Source: United Nations World Food Programme,2008
 US $/ton

0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011

rice
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017

w heat
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023

maize
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030

soybean
2031
2032
2033
2034
2035
2036
2037
2038
sugarcane

2039
2040
2041
2042
2043
2044
2045
FORCASTING OF FUTURE FOOD CRISIS

2046
2047
2048
2049
2050
18
FOOD PRODUCTION
PADDY AND MAIZE
PRODUCTION CONSTANT,
WHILE OTHER COMMODITIES
TEND TO DECREASE
ANIMAL FOOD PRODUCTION
INCREASE
FOOD IMPORT DEPENDENCY OF INDONESIA
 Overpopulation theories
◦ Rev. Thomas Malthus
◦ Neo‐Malthusian
 'An Essay on the Principles of Population',
Malthus stated that, the populations of the
world would increase in geometric proportions
while the food resources available for them
would increase only in arithmetic proportions.
 Neo-Malthusianism generally refers to people
with the same basic concerns as Malthus, who
advocate for population control programs, to
ensure resources for current and future
populations.
 Neo-Malthusians seem to differ from Malthus's
theories mainly in their enthusiasm for
contraceptive techniques.
 Malthus, as a devout Christian, believed that
"self-control" (abstinence) was preferable to
artificial birth control.
 Defining carrying capacity
Is there an absolute limit to the number of
people the world can support?

 Carrying capacity is defined as the

environment's maximal load.
 War
 Environmental disasters –drought, hurricanes
 Overpopulation
 Poor crop yields in developing countries

 Poverty
◦ Key to achieving food security is eradicating
poverty
 High food prices

 High oil prices

 Food used for biofuel

 Climate change

 World economic crisis

 (As of Sept. 2008)

800 140
Corn
120
Wheat
600 100
Rice

US$/barrel
US$/ton

Oil (right scale) 80

400
60

200 40
20
0 0

Source: Data from FAO 2008 and IMF 2008.

 Solutions depend on what the problem is:
◦ Too many people in world?
◦ Not enough food produced?
 Increasing world food production
◦ Increase amount of agricultural land
◦ Increase crop yields
◦ Increase frequency of cropping
◦ Reduce post‐harvest losses
◦ New/alternative food sources
 Controlling world population growth
 Changing food consumption patterns
 Agro-climate factors Demographic factors Socio-economic factors Disasters

Food production Population Religion Drought/Floods

Land ownership Family size Community Wars
Type of land Urbanization Occupation
Rain fall Income
Geographic conditions
Agricultural tehniques
Use of hybrid seed HH FOOD
Use of fertilizers SECURITY Availability of
participation in
Physiological factors development
programmes
Pregnancy
PDS
Socio-cultural factors Lactation
FOOD INTAKE Rural Dev. Prog.
Breast feeding practices
Employment generation Prog.
Infant and Child feeding practices
Ileteracy
Ignorance
Taboos
Pathologycal Conditions
NUTRITIONAL Infections
Environmental STATUS Diarrheas
factors Resp. Infectious
Malaria
Environmental sanitation Others
Personal hygiene Infestations
Safe drinking water Hook worms
Round worms
Giardiasis, etc.