HYDRAULICS

ENGINEERING II
FLUID DYNAMICS
• Fluid in motion
• It is a subdiscipline of Fluid Mechanics
that describes the flow of fluids- liquid
and gas.

Lecture 1
FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID
FLOW

DISCHARGE | ENERGY AND HEAD |

POWER AND EFFICIENCY | BERNOULLI’S ENERGY
THEOREM | ENERGY AND HYDRAULIC GRADE
LINES
FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW
a. The principle of Conversation of Mass
b.The Energy Principle (Kinetic and Potential
Energies)
c. The Principle of Momentum

Lecture 1
CLASSIFICATION OF FLUID FLOW

• Steady or Unsteady
• Uniform or Non-Uniform
• Laminar or Turbulent
• One-dimensional, Two-Dimensional or
Three-Dimensional
• Rotational or Irrotational

Lecture 1
STEADY FLOW

It is a condition in which the quantity

of liquid flowing per unit time is constant.
In steady flow, the velocity, pressure and
density at a given point are constant.

Lecture 1
UNSTEADY FLOW

It is a condition in which the quantity

of liquid flowing per unit time is not
constant.

Lecture 1
UNIFORM FLOW

A truly uniform flow is one in which

the velocity is same at a given time at every
point in the fluid (Ideal Fluids)

When the size and shape of cross

section are constant along the length of
channels under consideration, the flow is
said to be uniform (Real Fluids)
Lecture 1
NON-UNIFORM FLOW

A non-uniform flow is one in which

velocity is not constant at a given time.

Lecture 1
LAMINAR FLOW

The flow is said to be laminar when

the path of individual fluid particles do not
cross or intersect. The flow is always
laminar when the Reynold’s number Re is
less than (approximately) 2,100.

Lecture 1
TURBULENT FLOW

The flow is said to be laminar when

the path of individual fluid particles are
irregular and continuously cross each other.
The flow is always laminar when the
Reynold’s number Re exceed 2,100.

Lecture 1
ONE-DIMENSIONAL FLOW

This happens when in an

incompressible fluid, the direction and
magnitude of the velocity at all points are
identical.

Lecture 1
TWO-DIMENSIONAL FLOW

This happens when fluid particles

move in planes or parallel planes and the
streamline patterns are identical in each
plane.

Lecture 1
STREAMLINES

These are imaginary curves drawn

through a fluid to indicate the direction of
motion in various sections of the flow of the
fluid system.

Lecture 1
STREAMTUBES

These represents elementary portions

of a flowing fluid bounded by a group of
streamlines which confine the flow.

Lecture 1
DISCHARGE OR
FLOW RATE a. Volume Flow Rate, Q
Discharge Q = Av
or flow rate is
the amount of
where:
fluid passing
Q = Discharge in m³/sec or
through a ft³/sec
section per unit A = cross-sectional area of flow in
of time. m² or ft²
v = mean velocity of flow in
m/sec or ft/sec

Lecture 1
 DISCHARGE OR
FLOW RATE
b. Mass Flow Rate, M c. Weight Flow Rate, W
M = ρAv W = γAv
M = ρQ W = γQ

where: where:
M = mass flow rate in kg/sec W = weight flow rate in kN/sec
ρ = mass density in kg/m³ or γ = weight density in N/ m³ or
slugs/ft³ lb/ ft³

Lecture 1
Example No. 1 (Flow Rate)
Water flows through a 75mm diameter pipe
at a velocity of 3m/s. Find (a) the volume flow rate
in m³/sec and in lit/sec, (b) the mass flow rate in
kg/sec, and (c) the weight flow rate in N/sec.

Lecture 1
Example No. 1 (Flow Rate)
Solution:
d = 75mm or 0.075m
v = 3 m/s

Lecture 1
a. Volume Flow Rate
Q = Av 0.013
m³ 1000L
( )
π s 1 m³
A = d²
4
π Q =13 L/sec
A = (0.075 m)²
4

A = 0.0044 m²
Q = 0.00442 m² · 3 m/s
Q = 0.013 m³/s

Lecture 1
b. Mass Flow Rate
M = ρAv
A = 0.0044 m²
ρ = 1000 kg/m³ (mass density of water)

M = 1000 kg/m³ · 0.00442 m² · 3 m/s

M = 13.26 kg/sec

Lecture 1
c. Weight Flow Rate
W = γAv
A = 0.0044 m²
γ = 9810 N/m³ (Unit weight of water)

W = 9810 N/m³ · 0.00442 m² · 3 m/s

W = 130 N/sec

Lecture 1
Example No. 2 (Flow Rate)
What is the rate of flow of water passing
through a pipe with a diameter of 20mm and
speed of 0.5 m/sec?

Lecture 1
Example No. 2 (Flow Rate)
Solution:
d = 20mm or 0.020m
v = 0.5 m/s

Q = Av Q = 0.00031m² · 0.5 m/s

π
A = d² Q =1.55 x 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 m³/s
4
π
A = (0.020 m)²
4
A = 0.00031 m²
Lecture 1
ENERGY AND
HEAD
The energy possessed by a flowing fluid
consists of the kinetic and the potential
energy.
Potential Energy may in turn be
subdivided into energy due to position or
elevation above a given datum, and energy
due to pressure in the fluid. The amount of
energy per pound or Newton of fluid is
called the Head.
Lecture 1
 Velocity
Kinetic Energy Energy

Energy Pressure
Energy
Potential
Energy Elevation
Energy

Lecture 1
ELEVATION
ENERGY
Elevation Energy = Mgz
The energy
possessed by
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
the fluid by Elevation Head = 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
virtue of its
position or Elevation Head = z
elevation with
respect to a where:
datum plane. z = position of the fluid , (+) above and
( - ) below

Lecture 1
PRESSURE
ENERGY
𝑝
Pressure Energy = W
γ
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
Pressure Head =
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

𝒑
Pressure Head =
𝜸
where:
p = Fluid pressure

Lecture 1
KINETIC /
VELOCITY ENERGY
1 1 𝑊
Kinetic Energy = 𝑀 𝑣² = 𝑣²
The ability 2 2 𝑔

of the fluid mass

to do work by 𝐾𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
Kinetic Head =
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
virtue of its
velocity.
𝒗²
Velocity Head =
𝟐𝒈
where:
v = mean velocity of flow

Lecture 1
TOTAL FLOW
ENERGY
Total Energy = KE + PEs
The total
energy of head in
𝒗² 𝒑
a fluid flow is the Total Head, E = + +𝒛
𝟐𝒈 𝜸
sum of the kinetic
and the potential where:
energies. v = mean velocity of flow

Lecture 1
TOTAL FLOW
ENERGY
Total Energy = KE + PEs
The total
energy of head in
𝒗² 𝒑
a fluid flow is the Total Head, E = + +𝒛
𝟐𝒈 𝜸
sum of the kinetic
and the potential where:
energies. v = mean velocity of flow

Lecture 1
POWER AND
EFFICIENY
Power = Q γ E
Power is the
rate at which work is
𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕
done. Efficiency, η = 𝑰𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕
𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
• Unit weight, γ
(N/m³) Note:
• Rate, Q ( m³/s) 1 Horsepower (hp) = 746 Watts
• Total Energy, E 1 Horsepower (hp) = 500 ft-lb/sec
(m) 1 Watt = 1 N-m/s = 1 Joule/sec
• Power (N-m/s or
Joule/s)
Lecture 1
Example No. 3 (Energy and Head)
A liquid having a sp.gr. of 2.0 is flowing in a
50-mm diameter pipe. The total head at a given
point was found to be 17.5 Joule per Newton. The
elevation of the pipe above the datum is 3-m and
the pressure in the pipe is 65.6 kPa. Compute the
velocity of flow and the horsepower in the stream
at that point.

Lecture 1
Example No. 3 (Energy and Head)
Solution:
Sp.gr. = 2.0 z= 3 m
d = 50 mm or 0.050 m p= 65.6 kPa
E = 17.5 Joule / N or 17.5 m
* 1 Joule = 1 N-m
1 𝑁−𝑚
17.5 Joule ( )
1 𝐽𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒
17.5 N-m
𝑁−𝑚
17.5 = 17.5 m
𝑁
Lecture 1
Example No. 3 (Energy and Head)
Solution:
v² p
Total Energy, E = + +z
2g γ
𝐯² 65.6 kN/m²
17.5 m = + + 3m
𝟐𝐠 9.81 kN/m3 (2.0)

𝐯²
17.5 m = + 3.34 m + 3 m
𝟐𝐠
𝐯2
=11.16 m
𝟐𝐠
𝐯2
=11.16 m
𝟐𝐠
Lecture 1
 Example No. 3 (Energy and Head)
Solution:
v2
=11.16 m
2(9.81m/s²)

𝐯 =𝟏𝟒. 𝟖𝟎 m/s (velocity of flow)

Power, P = Q γ E
π 2 m N
P=[ 0.050m · 14.80 ] · [9810 · 2.0] · 17.5 m
4 s m3

P = 9977.66 N-m/s or watts

Lecture 1
Example No. 3 (Energy and Head)
Solution:
P = 9977.66 watts
1 hp
= 9977.66 watts [ ]
746 watts
P = 13.37 h𝐩

Lecture 1
Formulas
f. Velocity Head
a. Volume Flow Rate, Q
𝑣²
Q = Av Velocity Head = 2𝑔

b. Mass Flow Rate, M g. Total Head

M = ρQ 𝑣² 𝑝
E = 2𝑔 + +𝑧
𝛾
c. Weight Flow Rate, W
W = γQ h. Power
P=QγE
d. Elevation Head
Elevation Head = z i. Efficiency
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
Efficiency, η = 𝑥 100%
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
e. Pressure Head
𝑝
Elevation Head = 𝛾
Lecture 1