GROUP ASSIGNMENT

MFFT 1013

STI POLICY FOUNDATION

National Forestry Policy 1978 (Revised 1992)
Dasar Perhutanan Negara 1978 (Pindaan 1992)
Topic: Reflecting/Guiding the Process Or Stages the
Policy has to go through.

Lecturer: Prof. Dr. Zamri b. Mohamed

 GROUP MEMBERS
No. Name Matric No. Department
1. Harry Yong MFF181014 JPN Perak
2. Azrul Ekhuan bin Eliah MFF181007 JPN Perak
3. Syed Mohd Adzha bin MFF181004 JPN Selangor
Syed Khalid
4. Michael bin Maijohn MFF181015 JPN Negeri
Sembilan
 Scope of presentation
• Possible elements of contents of a Policy

• Whether “Polisi Perhutanan Negara” has the

elements of the contents

• Suggest ways to improve the Policy

• Conclusion
 Possible elements of contents of a Policy

Reflecting/Guiding the Process Or Stages the Policy has to go

through:
1. Agenda
Setting

1. Agenda Setting
2. Formulation 6. Policy
Revision
2. Policy
Formulation

3. Legitimisation
4. Implementation
5. Evaluation
6. Review 5. Policy 3. Policy
Evaluation Legitimisation

4. Policy
Implementation

The Australian Policy Handbook (Bridgman and Davis 2000)

 Process of Developing and Implementing Policy
Creating (putting together)
Implementing
/Understanding the “Big
1. Agenda Setting 4. Policy the Policy
Picture”/ Agenda/
Implementation Instruments and
Problem/Opportunity
Programs

Crafting the Policy and Policy Evaluating

2. Policy Instruments/ Programs & i. Policy Outcomes
Formulation Evaluating Options ii. Policy Instruments
5. Policy Evaluation
and Programs

Endorsement of the Policy by

3. Policy Legitimate Decision makers/ Policy Review
Legitimisation Legislators 6. Policy Revision i. Maintain and
Improve Policy
ii. Discard Policy
 Generic Contents of Policy Document
Example Content /
Whether “Polisi Perhutanan
Policy Cycle Stage Process
Negara” has the elements of the
contents
• Background/ Agenda
Creating (putting together)
• Understanding the
1. Agenda Setting /Understanding the “Big Picture”/
Problem/Opportunity
Agenda/ Problem/Opportunity
• Views of Stakeholders
• Policy Goals, Objectives
• Strategic Choices
Crafting the Policy and Policy
• Strategy to achieve Goals and
Instruments/ Programs &
2. Policy Formulation Objectives
Evaluating Options
• Policy Instruments and
Programs
• Institutional Responsibilities
Endorsement of the Policy by
• Stakeholders
3. Policy Legitimisation Legitimate Decision makers/
• Responsibilities
Legislators
6
 Generic Contents of Policy Document (cont.)

Example Content /
Whether “Polisi Perhutanan
Policy Cycle Stage Process
Negara” has the elements of the
contents
Implementing the Policy Implementation of Policy Program
4. Policy Implementation
Instruments and Programs and Policy Instruments
Evaluating Evaluation Plan for Policy and
• Policy Outcomes Program Levels
5. Policy Evaluation • Policy Instruments and Programs • Evaluation Metrices
• Responsibility
• Frequency
Policy Review Policy Review Plan for Policy and
Maintain and Improve Policy Program Levels
6. Policy Review Discard Policy • Evaluation Analysis
• Responsibility
• Decision

7
Agenda Setting : Background/Agenda

1st wave : United Nations Conference on

Human Environment, held in Stockholm in
1972. Late 1960s to early 1970s, pioneered by
frontrunners in the developed countries, such
Global Ecological as the United States, Sweden, and Japan

Challenges
throughout the
20th century 2nd wave : Brundtland Report in 1987 and the
Rio Conference in 1992 - Direct response to
global ecological challenges, such as loss of
biodiversity and climate change (sustainable
development).

8
 Agenda Setting : Understanding the Problem/Opportunity

Malaysia hosts a portion of the important

tropical rainforest belt known as West
Malaysia, and has a uniquely rich and diverse
flora and fauna.

Impacts on waterways (From mining

and rubber plantation)
Malaysia’s rain forests are a source of timber
and other products, such as rattan,
2. Natural
medicinal plants, resins, food and fertilizer
and support the livelihoods communities.
resources
1. Biodiversity extraction and Clearing of land (rubber plantation and
hotspot environmental agriculture)
Provide ecosystem services, maintain a
steady supply of freshwater, protect soils impacts
against erosion and nutrient loss, regulate Increasing deforestation (hydrological changes
local climate and serve as carbon sinks. and erosion; pesticide contamination of
surface waters; pollution by mill effluent; and
loss of local flora and fauna)

A reservoir for biodiversity and increasingly

attract visitors and tourists

9
Agenda Setting : Understanding the Problem/Opportunity

In Peninsular Malaysia, both during the colonial period and

the first two decades following independence,
environmental damage was viewed as an inevitable
consequence of development

During this stage, laws were introduced to promote ‘wise

use’ and ‘sustainable yield’ of resources, but were not
specifically aimed at associated environmental problems

3. Fragmented
environmental The federal system presents a significant challenge to
integrated resource management as the Constitution
legislation grants each state control over its land use.

States may convert naturally forested areas for agriculture,

mining, industry, settlements, or other uses.

In joining the Federation of Malaysia, individual states had

surrendered their powers to the federal Government,
except in matters relating to land, local government and
religion, including formulating their own forestry policy.
10
 Agenda Setting :Views of Stakeholders

National Land Council /

National Forestry Public sector Private sectors Communities
Council
• Federal government • Ministry level (KATS, • Logging industries • Local / rural people
• State government MOSTECC, MOTEC, • Timber exporter • NGO’s
MPI etc) • Wood-industries • Students
• Forestry Department • Transportation
• DWNP, DOE, DOA, industries
MTIB etc
• Research Institute
(FRIM, UPM, etc.)
 Streams of Agenda Setting
Problem stream

Opportunity for
Policy stream agenda items

Political stream

12
 Problem Stream
• Various conditions that policy makers and citizens want addressed.
– E.g. government budget deficits, environmental disasters, inflation, rising medical costs, and so on.

• Policy makers find out about these conditions through indicators, focusing events, and feedback.

Global
warming
.

Forest
Environmental
issues
degradation
Land-use
issues
Pollution 13
 Problem Stream
• Various conditions that policy makers and citizens want addressed.
– E.g. government budget deficits, environmental disasters, inflation, rising medical costs, and so on.

• Policy makers find out about these conditions through indicators, focusing events, and feedback.

.
The federal Government began to play The Federal Constitution provided for a
a key role in environmental issues. National Land Council (NLC) for
However, national coordination was coordinating State and Federal policies
difficult as each constituent state was and objectives covering land use, mining,
granted certain independence by the forestry and agriculture. Formed in 1958,
Constitution. In joining the Federation it was designed ‘to formulate from time to
of Malaysia, individual states had time in consultation with the Federal
surrendered their powers to the federal Government, the State Governments and
Government, except in matters relating the National Finance Council as national
to land, local government and religion, policy for the promotion and control of the
including formulating their own utilization of land throughout the
forestry policy. Federation’. The development of natural
resources was therefore perceived
piecemeal, rather than holistically
14
 •
Policy Stream
Ideas that compete to win acceptance in policy networks.
• Ideas are generated by specialists in policy communities (networks that include bureaucrats, congressional staff members,
academics, and researchers in think tanks who share a common concern in a single policy area such as health or environmental
policy) and are considered in various forums and forms, such as hearings, papers, and conversations

It coordinated the activities of Rural

In March 1959, the
Cabinet appointed a
Working Party to make
recommendations for a
National Forest Policy
(NFP), to be submitted to
the NLC.
First, it was argued that to guarantee future In 1960, the National Development Committees at State and
timber supplies, the area of Forest Reserves Rural Development Districts levels.
should actually be increased, not decreased.
Council was formed.
Acting trough the Rural
Development Council that
functioned ‘as the nerve At State level, immediate development
Second, the recommendations of the Reid centre of the rural
Commission for the Federal Constitution.
priorities and the opportunities it opened
intended forestry to be part of the programme of offensive’ up for entrepreneurial activity over-rode
development, which made necessary a long-term considerations of forest
proportionate allocation of Federal finances sustainability.

15
• Consists of three elements:
1. The national mood
refers to the notion that a fairly large number of individuals in a given country tend to think along common lines and that the mood swings from time to time.
2. Pressure group campaigns
Support or opposition of interest groups as indicators of consensus or dissent in the broader political arena.
3. Administrative or legislative turnover.
Legislative or administrative turnover frequently affects choice in quite dramatic ways.
Malaysia’s image abroad started
to suffer, as the Government was
blamed for deforestation, while
the Government, on its part,
branded certain environmental
NGOs as ‘thorns’ in its side
(Singh, 1992; Weiss, 2003).
Politics Stream
In March 1977, a dispute erupted between Economic success had earned Malaysia
the respect and confidence of the
Pahang State and the federal Government.
developing world, and as a leader of
Invoking its constitutional rights, the the Group of 77, Malaysia began to be
government of Pahang State stuck to its acknowledged as spokesperson of the
decision to log the Endau-Rompin forest South.
reserve in violation of an earlier informal
agreement (Aiken and Leigh, 1986). Malaysia
embraces
sustainable the allegation of wanton deforestation,
voiced by the international community
Over logging at Baram-Limbang in Sarawak, development
vehemently opposed by the Eastern Penan
tribe since 1982 (Brosius, 1997; 1999)
Vision 2020
Dam construction over the Tembeling River,
located within the country’s then only
national park, Taman Negara
16
Policy Formulation : Policy Goals, Objectives

To conserve and manage the nation's

forest based on the principles of
sustainable forest management

Objectives
To protect the environment as well as
to conserve biological diversity,
genetic resources, and enhance
research and education

17
 Policy Formulation : Strategic Choices

To dedicate as Permanent Reserved Forest

(PRF) sufficient areas strategically located
To manage the PRF in order to maximize
throughout the country, in accordance with To implement a program of forest
social, economic and environmental benefits
the concept of rational land use. The PRF development through forest regeneration
to the nation and its people in accordance
will be managed and classified under four and rehabilitation operations in accordance
with the principle of sustainable
major functions Protection Forest; with appropriate silvicultural practices.
management.
Production Forest; Amenity Forest; Research
and Education Forest

To promote efficient harvesting and

utilization within the production forest for
maximum economic benefits from all forms To promote the planned development of To encourage aggressive "bumiputra"
of forest produce, to stimulate the forest industries towards the production of (indigenous people) participation in the
development of appropriate forest value-added finished and semi-finished field of wood-based industry in compliance
industries commensurate with the resource products for local consumption and export. with the government policy.
flow and to create employment
opportunities.

18
 Policy Formulation : Strategic Choices (cont.)

To promote active local community To increase the production of NWFPs

To establish forest plantations of
involvement through various contracts through scientific and sustainable
indigenous and exotic species to
in forestry development projects and management practices to supplement
supplement timber supply from the
to maintain their involvement in local demands and the requirements
natural forest.
agroforestry programs. of related industries.

To undertake and support a

comprehensive program of forestry
To encourage private investment in To undertake and support intensive
training at all levels in the public and
forest development through the research programs on forestry and
private sectors in order to ensure an
establishment of forest plantations on forest products aimed at enhancing
adequate supply of trained human
private lands. maximum benefits from the forest.
resources to meet the requirements of
forestry and wood-based industries.

19
 Policy Formulation : Strategic Choices (cont.)

To promote education in forestry

and undertake publicity and
extension services in order to
generate better understanding by
the community on the multiple
values of forests.
To provide for the preservation of To develop a comprehensive
biological diversity and the program in community forestry to
conservation of areas with unique cater to the needs of rural and
species of flora and fauna. urban communities.

To foster closer international

To set aside specific areas for the cooperation in forestry in order to
purpose of forestry education and benefit from the transfer of
other scientific studies. technology and exchange of
scientific information.

20
Policy Formulation : Strategy to achieve Goals and Objectives
Permanent Forest Estate
•To set aside sufficient areas of land as Protection Forest, Production Forest, Amenity Forest, and Research and
Education Forest as Permanent Forest Estate.

Forest Legislation
•To ensure the preservation and sustainable management of forest resources through efficient forest law
enforcement.

Sustainable Forest Management

•To manage the forest in accordance with the principles of sustainable yield management for maximization of
social, economic and environmental benefits of the nation.

Forest Regeneration and Rehabilitation

•To upgrade programmes of forest development through regeneration and rehabilitation operations in
accordance with appropriate silvicultural practices to achieve maximum productivity.

Forest Harversting
•To promote efficient harvesting methods with prescribed forest management and harvesting plans for
sustaining the production of forest produce.

Forest Product and Industries

•To attain a rational balance between the national industrial processing capacity and resource availability.
21
Policy Formulation : Strategy to achieve Goals and Objectives (cont.)

Bumiputra Participation
•To continue promoting Bumiputra participation in the field of wood-based industries parallel with the
Government’s National Development Policy.

Forest Plantation
•To establish and manage forest plantations to supplement timber supply from the natural forest and to
promote active private sector investment in establishment and development of forest plantations.

Agro-forestry
•To promote active involvement of local community in agro-forestry programmes.

Non-wood Forest Products

•To increase non-wood forest products for local consumption and to meet the need of related processing
industries.

Forestry Research
•To encourage public and private sectors involvement in promoting scientific research in all aspects of
forestry.

Manpower Development and Training

•To increase trained manpower needed in forestry and wood-based industries.
22
Policy Formulation : Strategy to achieve Goals and Objectives (cont.)

Forestry Education and Extension

• To promote forestry education, publicity and extension services.

Conservation of Biological Diversity

• To carry out appropriate programmes on the conservation of unique species of flora
and fauna.

Community Forestry, Recreation and Tourism

• To develop community forestry programmes and provide facilities for recreation
and tourism.

Special Scientific Values

• To set aside specific areas for the purpose of education and scientific interests.

International Co-operation
• To foster closer international communication in order to achieve a better
understanding in the management and development of the tropical rain 23
forests.
Policy Formulation : Policy Instruments and Programs
Policy
Legitimisation:
National Forestry
Act 1984,
Legitimisation: Kaedah-Kaedah
Laws, Hutan 1988
Regulations

Forestry
Policy Organisational Department
Structure (Federal & State)
Instruments

Operational
Mechanisms Malaysia Financial
Plan,
FDPM Strategic
Action Plan 2008-
Effect 2020, State Forest
Management Plan
etc
24
 Policy Formulation : Institutional Responsibilities
• In accordance with the Federal Constitution, forestry is a state matter and
State Governments have complete jurisdiction over their respective forest
resources. The Federal Government provides technical advice on forest
management and development, undertakes research and education, and
promotes industrial development of wood-based industries and trade.

• In this context, close relationship between the State and Federal

Governments is essential regarding all matters concerning forestry. The
National Forestry Council (NFC) facilitates the adoption of a coordinated
and common approach to forestry that includes planned, rational and
effective management and utilization of the forest resources, consistent with
the need to maintain of the forest as long as long term renewable resource.

25
 Policy Legitimisation : Stakeholders
Responsibilities
Dasar Perhutanan Negara, 1978 (Pindaan 1992)
1st endorsement by National Land Council on 10 April 1978
2nd endorsement by National Land Council on 19 November 1992

Under Article 74(2) of the Malaysian Constitution, forestry comes under the jurisdiction of the respective state governments.
As such, each state is empowered to enact laws on forestry, formulate forest policy and undertake corresponding forest
management responsibilities independently. The executive authority of the federal government only extends to the provision of
advice and technical assistance to the states, the maintenance of experimental and demonstration stations, training and the
conduct of research. Such a distinct division of powers has a significant impact on SFM. It poses a challenge to ensure that
national policies formulated at the federal level relating to SFM will be implemented in a coordinated manner at the state level.

To facilitate coordination between the federal and state governments, a National Forestry Council was established on 20
December 1971 by the National Land Council. Under the Malaysian Constitution, the National Land Council is empowered to
formulate national policies relating to land utilization in agriculture, forestry and mining. The establishment of the National
Forestry Council under the National Land Council provides a forum for SFM policies to be discussed and agreed upon for
implementation between the federal and state governments. Members of the National Forestry Council include Chief Ministers
from all the states, ministers responsible for forestry, agriculture, environment and trade. The council is chaired by the Deputy
Prime Minister.
Policy Implementation : Implementation of Policy
Program and Policy Instruments

Director General of Forestry –

Federal Government (provides
technical advice, assistance and
training facilities)

State Directors of Forestry – State

Government (by technical and
advice from DG) will implement
NFC.

2 Objectives,
17 Statement/ Programmes
 However, attempts to review this policy had been conducted in 2002 during The
Forest Policy Workshop, held in Kuala Lumpur by FAO and EU.
Ensure the management of the
PRF follows the Malaysian
Criteria and Indicators (MC&I)
for SFM.
Evaluate the status of wood and
non-wood forest resources.
Ensure the implementation of
silvicultural treatment and
reforestation in the logged-over
PRF.
Enhance the level of public
awareness on the roles of
forests.
Encourage the establishment of
forest plantations by individual
or private companies.
Identify the biological diversity
in the PRF.
Prepare and implement a biological Enhance surveillance
diversity management system. for the prevention of
illegal logging and
illegal settlement in
forest areas,
Design agroforestry systems that
are economical and can be practised especially in the PRF.
by individuals and the private
sector.
Study and strengthen
Develop ecotourism programs,
the provisions
forestry museums and
contained in the
infrastructure and educational
facilities in the forest recreation National Forestry Act
areas. and the Wood-Based
Industries Act.
Develop Information Technology
(IT) and Knowledge-Forestry (K-
Forestry) in line with the
Information Technology Strategic
Plan of the Forestry Department. Provide adequate
training for the staff
and private sector
Optimize the use of wood and non-
involved in the
wood forest resources. implementation of
activities in SFM.
28
 Policy Review: Policy Review Plan for Policy and Program Levels, Evaluation Analysis, Responsibility,
Decision (Na'aman Jaafar, RECENT FOREST POLICY REVIEWS IN PENINSULAR MALAYSIA, PROCEEDINGS OF
THE FOREST POLICY WORKSHOP, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 22-24 January, 2002) the forestry programs,
projects and activities undertaken in Malaysia includes:-
Formulation and implementation of forest
management plans that take into account the
negative impact of management activities on the
environment and the forest ecosystem, and meet Assessment of the implementation of the
the changing societal needs. In this regard, a proposals for action of the Intergovernmental
Implementation of the MC&I for SFM.
national forest inventory is carried out for all Panel on Forests and Intergovernmental Forum
forested lands every 10 years to determine the on Forests (IPF/IFF).
status and composition of the forest resources to
support more effective forest management
planning.

A pre-felling inventory carried out in all areas of

A continuous forest inventory carried out on
permanent and temporary plots on a yearly basis
to supplement and update the information
collected in the national forest inventory that will
also further enhance management planning.
the PRF earmarked for harvesting to determine
the most effective forest management and Growth and yield studies for the refinement of
silvicultural systems to be applied; prescribe the growth and mortality rates of forests
priority pre-felling silvicultural operations for harvested under the various cutting regimes.
natural regeneration through the retention of
adequate residual trees of advanced growth.

Resource capability classification to refine the

Change detection using remote sensing
existing forest classification for enhancing SFM
techniques to monitor changes that occur within
Forest mapping using GIS and remote sensing. practices; establishing forest plantations to
the forests and their surrounding areas, and to
alleviate the pressure to overharvest the natural
classify forest and vegetational strata.
forest.

29
Policy Review: Decision (Na'aman Jaafar, RECENT FOREST POLICY REVIEWS IN
PENINSULAR MALAYSIA, PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOREST POLICY WORKSHOP, Kuala
Lumpur, Malaysia, 22-24 January, 2002) concludes:-

The National Forestry Policy and other administrative

policies of the Forestry Department, Peninsular Malaysia,
are being revised from time to time to match prevailing
conditions and requirements and to improve the
management, conservation and sustainable development
of forests.

30
 Suggest ways to improve the Policy

ISSUES PROPOSED IMPROVEMENTS

1. Ideal Policy Cycle not complete - 1. To include chapter on Evaluation and

evaluation and Review plans stated in Review Plans in the policy)
the policy.
 Suggest ways to improve the Policy (con’t)
National Forestry Policy 1978
(Revised 1992)
Constitution of Permanent Forest Estate
1. A permanent Forest Estate of sufficient area
must be determined and its security assured….
2. Whenever possible, efforts must be taken to
increase the of the Permanent Forest Estate by
including other lands such as idle lands, state
lands, steep lands and other degraded lands.
United Nations
Forum on Forests
Global Forest Goal 1 - Reverse the loss of forest cover worldwide
through sustainable forest management…
1.1 Forest area is increased by 3% worldwide.
1.2 The world’s forest carbon stocks are maintained or enhanced.
1.3 By 2020, promote the implementation of sustainable
management of all types of forests, halt deforestation, restore
degraded forests and substantially increase afforestation and
reforestation globally.
1.4 The resilience and adaptive capacity of all types of forests to
natural disasters and the impacts of climate change is significantly
strengthened worldwide.
 Suggest ways to improve the Policy

ISSUES PROPOSED IMPROVEMENTS

2. No element of STI in this policy. 2. STI elements such as transfer of

technology, green technology and data
sharing to
 CONCLUSION

• NFP 1978 (Revised 1992) – doesn’t fulfil the requirement for

Ideal Policy Cycle;

• However, this policy still relevant but need to be revised

according current issues – ideal policy, practical and
measurable – achieve sustainable management.
 References
• A. A. Hezri and Mohd. Nordin Hasan, Towards sustainable development? The evolution of
environmental policy in Malaysia. Natural Resources Forum 30 (2006) 37–50
• Aiken, S.R., Leigh, C.H., 1986. Land use conflicts and rain forest conservation in Malaysia
and Australia. Land Use Policy, 3: 161–179.
• Brosius, J.P., 1999. Green dots, pink hearts: Displacing politics from the Malaysian rain
forest. American Anthropologist, 101: 36–57.
• Kathirithamby-Wells, J. Nature and nation : Forests and development in peninsular
Malaysia. - 1.Forests and forestry - Malaysia - History 2.Forest management - Malaysia
3.Forest policy – Malaysia 4.Malaysia - Economic policy 5.Malaysia - Politics and
government, (2005) I.Title II.Hall, Clare III.Nordic Institute of Asian Studies
• Proceedings of the Forest Policy Workshop Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 22-24 January, 2002,
EC-FAO PARTNERSHIP PROGRAMME (2000-2002) Tropical Forestry Budget Line B7-
6201/1B/98/0531edited by Thomas Enters and Robin N. Leslie @
http://www.fao.org/3/ab576e/AB576E00.htm#TOC
• National Forestry Policy 1978 (Revised 1992)
• The Australian Policy Handbook (Bridgman and Davis 2000)
 THANK YOU
TERIMA KASIH