ASSALAMU’ALAIKUM

WARAHMATULLAHI WABARAKATUH

&
&

GOOD MORNING

RESPECTED LADIES AND GENTLEMENTS

1
THE IMPORTANCE OF TRAFFIC PLANNING
IN TOWN PLANNING
BY

ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR DR. HASSIM MAT

hassim@usm.my / drhasmat14@gmail.com
04-6532844

Pusat Pengajian Perumahan, Bangunan & Perancangan,

UNVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA
2
PULAU PINANG
 INTRODUCTION

Statistic 2007
11,836,136 licensed drivers in Malaysia
27,127,000 total population in Malaysia
7,458,128 motorcycles
6,941,996 cars
142,038 public transports
836,579 commercial vehicles
411,991 other vehicles

16,812,440 total registered vehicles 3

 INTRODUCTION
Year 2005 2006 2007
Private
13,481,312 14,400,124 15,363,007
Vehicles
Population 26,130,000 26,640,000 27,170,000

Ratio Vehicles/
0.52 0.54 0.56
Population
Vehicles every
52 54 56
100 People

4
 ISUES & PROBLEMS
1. Traffic congestion
Traffic volume is more than road capacity
Inefficient traffic management

2. Delay
Long travelling time
Wasting billions of ringgit in delays

5
 ISUES & PROBLEMS
3. Environmental pollution
Air polluted by poisonous gas
Noisy
Increase in air temperature
Smelly air
Wastage of natural sources

6
 ISUES & PROBLEMS
4. Public Transport
Inconvenience
Not comfortable
Expensive fare
Not following the schedule
Limited facilities
Insufficient terminal/station facilities

7
 ISUES & PROBLEMS
5. Parking Facilities
Insufficient
Blocking / interrupting smooth traffic flow
Far from destination
Expensive parking charges

8
 ISUES & PROBLEMS
6. Pedestrian
Exposed to accident
Limited/no facilities
Have facilities but not comprehensive
Inconvenience design

9
 ISUES & PROBLEMS
7. Road Accident
Factors causing road accidents
Human being 67%
Vehicles 9%
Environment 24%
10th highest in the world (2002)
549,917 cases with 6,282 fatalities, (2007)
376,061 cars involved
an average of 17.2 death per day 10
 Fatalities Road in Some Countries

200.00 190.00
185.00
180.00

160.00
140.00
140.00
Fatalities/10,000 Vehs

120.00

100.00

80.00

60.00 48.00

40.00 32.50

15.20
20.00 9.10 8.40 5.44 5.30
5.17 5.07 4.30 2.81 1.90 1.81 1.80 1.80 1.44
0.00

11
 Road Functions

 Communication relationship
 Connecting Public to Private
 Space for Utilities Facilities
 Public relation areas

12
 CATEGORIES

1. Toll Highways (PLUS)

2. Federal Route
3. State Road
4. Municipal or City Road
5. Rural or Country Road

13
 Total length 847.7 km
14
TOLL HIGHWAYS NETWORK BETWEEN CITIES IN PENINSULAR
 ROAD HIERARCHY

1. Highways or Motorways
2. Main Collector Road
3. Local Collector Road
4. Access Road
5. Residential Road
6. Cul-De-Sac
7. Back Lane
15
  ROAD HIERARCHY
Road Types Number of Width of Each Width of Road
LANES LANE (Feet) Reserve (Feet)
Highways 4 LANES two 10 - 12 100 & 132
ways

Major 2 LANES two 10 - 12 66 & 100

Collector ways

Minor 2 LANES two 10 - 12 50 & 66

Collector ways

Access Road 2 LANES two 10 - 12 40 & 50 .

ways

16
 ROAD HIERARCHY
Road Types Number of Width of each Width of road
LANES LANE (Feet) Reserve (Feet)

Residential 2 LANES two 10 - 12 40

Road ways

Cul-De-Sac 2 LANES two 8 - 12 40 & 30

ways

Back LANE 1 LANE 6 - 20 6 to 20

Source: Jabatan Perancang Bandar dan Desa, Untermann

R.K. dan Ibrahim Wahab
17
 ROAD HIERARCHY

R5

PETUNJUK
R6
R3 R6 Lebuh Raya
R4 R5 Jalan Pengumpul Utama
R4 Jalan Pengumpul Tempatan
R2
R1 R3 Jalan Masuk
R2 Jalan Kediaman
R1 Kul-De-Sac
Source: Jabatan Perancang Bandar dan Desa dan Untermann R.K. m.s.
201 (ubahsuai) 18
 ROAD HIERARCHY
or 9 m

Source: Jabatan Perancang Bandar dan Desa

19
 ROAD HIERARCHY
or 12 m

Source: Jabatan Perancang Bandar dan Desa

20
 ROAD HIERARCHY

Source: Jabatan Perancang Bandar dan Desa

21
 ROAD HIERARCHY
or 15 m
R4

Source: Jabatan Perancang Bandar dan Desa

22
 ROAD HIERARCHY
or 18 m R5

Source: Jabatan Perancang Bandar dan Desa

23
ROAD HIERARCHY
or 35.4 m

24
 Road Design
 Road Classification or Hierarchy
 Table: Lane Requirement Minimum (feet)

Types 1 Lane 2 Lanes

Pedestrian 2 4
Bicycle 3 8
Motorcycle 4 10
Car 6 16
Lorry 8 24
Source: Jabatan Perancang Bandar dan Desa 25
 Road Design
4 8

PADESTRIAN LANE BICYCLE LANE

Source: Jabatan Perancang Bandar dan Desa

26
 Road Design

16

MOTORCYCLE LANE CAR LANE

Source: Jabatan Perancang Bandar dan Desa

27
 Road Design

LORRY LANE

Source: Jabatan Perancang Bandar dan Desa

28
 Road Design
 Topographic Condition

10

Figure: Gradient in Road Design (1:10)

29
Road Design

30
Road Design

31
Road Design

32
 Road Design
 Junctions Design
 Table: Distance Between Junctions

Road Types Distance Between Junctions (J)

Major Collector 500 feet

Minor Collector 400 feet

Access Road 300 feet

Residential Road 200 feet

Cul-De-Sac 150 feet

Short Cul-De-Sac 150 feet

33
Source: Jabatan Perancang Bandar dan Desa
 Jarak Road Design
 Distance Between Junctions
J

J J
J

34
Source: Jabatan Perancang Bandar dan Desa
 Traffic Survey

The purpose of conducting traffic

volume survey:
 To predict and forecast
 Design for improvement
 Road accident study
 Traffic study at junction
 Traffic management

35
Traffic Volume Contents
According to Class
1. Two wheels; Motorcycle
2. Three/Four wheels – two gander ;
Motorcar and motor rickshaw
3. Six wheels, two gander; Lorry and big
van
4. Three /more gander; Oil tanker, lorry
cargo and logger lorry
5. Taxi and hired car
6. Bus (Public transport)
36
Traffic Volume Contents

37
TRAFFIC VOLUME SURVEY

DEFINITION :
‘ NUMBER OF VEHICLES PASSING
THROUGH A POINT ON THE ROAD FOR A
GIVEN TIME. ’

In vehicles per hour or vehicles per day

38
LOCATION SELECTION

1. ROAD SIDE (STRAIGHT ROAD)

2. JUNCTIONS
3. ‘X’ JUNCTION (4 JUNCTIONS)
4. ‘T’ JUNCTION (3 JUNCTION)
5. ROUND ABOUT

39
 TIME FRAME
BASED ON THE OBJECTIVE OF
THE STUDY:
1. 1 HOUR
2. 12 HOURS (7.00 – 19.00 )
3. 16 HOURS (6.00 – 22.00)
4. 18 HOURS(6.00– 24.00)
5. 24 HOURS (7.00 – 7.00)
6. 1 WEEK
7. 1 YEAR
40
 SURVEY METHODS

1. MANKIND (PEOPLE)
2. MECHANICAL ; PNEUMATIC TUBE,
3. ELECTROMAGNETIC PRINCIPLE –
SPECTION CABLE
4. MICROELECTRONIC – H - STAR
5. VIDEO CAMERA OR CCTV

41
SURVEY METHODS

TRAFFIC COUNTER
42
SURVEY METHODS

Traffic Volume Survey Form

43
SURVEY METHODS

MECHANICAL – PNEUMATIC TUBE

44
 SURVEY METHODS

ELECTROMAGNETIC – SPECTION CABEL

45
 TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

 The objective of traffic management is to

solve or reduce traffic problems which
are occurring especially in the city center.
The process of controlling the traffic flow
on the road network at the specific area
toward obtaining an efficient, safe and
smooth flow.

46
 TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
Traffic Management Techniques
 Road signage
 Traffic lights
 Round about
 Multi level (grade separated) junctions
 Traffic streaming
 Acceleration and deceleration lane
 One way street
 Public transport infrastructure
 Etc.

47
Determining Intersection Types
Intersection Types Total number of vehicles on two
ways traffic at the main road and
the highest traffic volume on the
minor road (vehicles per hour)
Priority Junction 0 - 1500

Mini Round About 0 – 900

Small Round About 900 – 2000

Normal Round About 2000 – 5000

Signalized Intersection 700 – 5500

Grade Separated > 4000

Junction

Source: Meor Othman Hamzah (1992) 48

 CAR PARK TYPES

 Road side
 Off road or open space
 Multi storey parking
 Roof top
 Basement
 On the ramp
 Mechanical floor

49
 CAR PARK TYPES

 Road side

50
 CAR PARK TYPES

 Off road/open space

51
 CAR PARK TYPES

 Multi storey building

52
 CAR PARK TYPES

 On mechanical floor

53
 CAR PARK TYPES

 On mechanical floor

54
 PARKING LOT ARRANGEMENT

Right angle (90o) parallel to the road

Right angle (90o) to the road
45o to the road
30o to the road
60o to the road

55
PARKING LOT ARRANGEMENT

8’

16’

20’

90 degrees to the road 56

PARKING LOT ARRANGEMENT

16’
8’

16’

45 degrees to the road 57

PARKING LOT ARRANGEMENT

8’
16’

12’

30 degrees to the road 58

PARKING LOT ARRANGEMENT

16’ 8’

16’

60 degrees to the road 59

PARKING LOT ARRANGEMENT

60
 PARKING LOT ARRANGEMENT

Arrangement for an area of 88 sq. feet with lot size 8 feet X 16 feet 61
 PARKING LOT ARRANGEMENT

Arrangement for an area of 88 sq. feet with lot size 8 feet X 16 feet 62
 PARKING MANAGEMENT

 Attendant
 Coupon
 Meter
 Pay and Display
 Pay and Park
 Ticket and pay at machine

63
PARKING MANAGEMENT

Attendant 64
PARKING MANAGEMENT

Meter
65
 PARKING MANAGEMENT

Meter
66
PARKING MANAGEMENT

Pay and Display

67
PARKING MANAGEMENT

Coupon
68
 PARKING STANDARDS & GUIDELINES

 Parking standards and guidelines were designed

to assist the town planners in obtaining the
proper design and allocation of parking lots.
 As an example, parking allocation for each types
of development prepared Town and Country
Planning Department (JPBD) (2000),

69
PARKING STANDARDS & GUIDELINES
based on population size > 1 million

Residential;

Types Parking Lot Requirement

Detached 2.5 L/unit
Semi Detached 2.5 L/unit
Terrace 1 L/unit
Terrace Low Cost 1 L/unit
Town House 2 L/ 1 centralized within 50 meters

70
PARKING STANDARDS & GUIDELINES

Residential (Flat);

Types Parking Lot Requirement

Condominium 2.5L/1unit +10% visitors + 10% mcle
Medium Cost 2L/1unit + 10% visitors + 20% mcle
Low Cost 1 L/ 1 unit + 10% visitors + 1Lmcle/ 2
unit flat

71
 PARKING STANDARDS & GUIDELINES

Commercial;
Types Parking Lot Requirement
Ordinary commercial 1 L/100 m2 floor area
building
1 L/100 m2 floor area + 1 L motorcycle /100 m2
Shop houses floor area

Shops + Office 1 L/ 75 m2 floor area + 1 L motorcycle/100 m2

floor area

Hypermarket 1 L/ 15 m2 floor area + 20% L motorcycle

Taxi waiting bay minimum 10 lots

Mini Market 1 L/ 25 m2 floor area + 1 L motorcycle/50

m2 floor area
100 m2 for 2 service vehicles
72
 PARKING STANDARDS & GUIDELINES

Hotel;
Types Parking Lot Requirement
4 – 5 stars 1 L/3 rooms + 75% related to hotel operation
Bus and taxi bays

3 stars 1 L/4 rooms + 75% related to hotel operation

Bus and taxi bays

Motel 1 L/2 rooms + 1 L / 30 m2 dining hall

Service Apartment 1.5 L/ 1 unit + 20% for visitors

+ 20% motorcycles
+ 1 L for excursion bus/40 units

73
 PARKING STANDARDS & GUIDELINES

Recreational;
Types Parking Lot Requirement
Public Recreational 1 L/1500 feet square < 1 acre
Garden or Park 1 L/5000 feet square - 1 to 5 acre
Swimming pool 1 L/250 feet square swimming pool +
restaurant
Stadium and Club House 1 L/8 seats + 1L/250 feet square restaurant

Tennis & Squash Court 2 L/court

Ice Skating Ring 1 L/1000 feet square +1 L/8 seats

74
PARKING STANDARDS & GUIDELINES

Religious;
Types Parking Lot Requirement
Mosque 1 L/250 feet square prayer halls

Church 1 L/20 fixed seats

Crematorium 1L/250 feet square

75
 PARKING STANDARDS & GUIDELINES

Educational;
Types Parking Lot Requirement
Kinder Garden 1 L/3 Staff + 1L/10 student

Primary School 1 L/2 staff and teacher + 1L/20 student

Secondary School 1 L/2 staff and teacher + 1L/20 student+1L

Motorcycle /10 student

Institute of Higher 1 L/2 staff and teacher + 1L/20 student +1L

Learning Motorcycle /5 student +10% overall for
visitors

76
 PARKING STANDARDS & GUIDELINES

Institusional;
Types Parking Lot Requirement
Public Hospital 1 L/5 bed + 1 L/3 administration staff
+ 1 L/1 professional staff

Private Hospital 1 L/3 bed + 1 L/3 administration staff

+ 1 L/1 professional staff
Welfare House
1 L/3 administration staff
1 L/1000 feet square
Library
1 L/2 staff or teacher

77
 REFERENCES
• Ibrahim Wahab, (1985) Perancangan Lalu Lintas, USM
Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
• Ibrahim Wahab, (1990) Teknik Sistem Lalu Lintas Dan
Pengangkutan, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kuala Lumpur.
• Ibrahim Wahab, (1991) Pengangkutan Bandar Di Malaysia,
Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kuala Lumpur.
• Danial Mohamed, (1993) Pengenalan Tinjauan dan Analisis
Lalu Lintas Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kuala Lumpur.
• Meor Othman Hamzah, (1992) Reka Bentuk Jalan Raya
Untuk Jurutera. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kuala Lumpur.
• G.R. Wells, (1970) The Introduction to Traffic Engineering,
Charles Griffin and Company, London.
• Jabatan Perancang Bandar & Desa, 2000, Garispanduan &
Piawaian Perancangan Tempat Letak Kereta, Kementerian
Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan.

78
 WASSALAMU’ALAIKUM
WARAHMATULLAHI WABARAKATUH

&
&

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

GOOD LUCK

79