1cell Structure and Taxonomy

Microbial Morphology
and Classification
MODULE 2
CELLS
• Fundamental unit of any living organism
• Categorized into two:

– Eucaryotes
– Procaryotes
• CYTOLOGY – study of the structure and

function of cells
Importance
identification of understand
various differences in
microorganisms metabolism
Robert Hooke
Matthias Schleiden|Theodor Schwann
Botanist Zoologist
The Cell Theory
Schleiden Schwann Virchow

• All living things are composed of cells.
• Cells are the basic units of structure and
function in living things.
• New cells are produced from existing cells.
Characteristics of life
Growth
Reproduction
Responsiveness
Metabolism
Classification of Microorganisms
Acellular Cellular
Viroids
Prions Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Viruses
Archaea Algae
Bacteria Fungi
Cyanobacteria Protozoa
Growth
Reproduction
Responsiveness
Metabolism
Characteristics Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Viruses
Growth Occurs in all Occurs in all Does not

occur
Occurs
Reproduction Occurs in all Occurs in all
inside cells
Responsiveness Occurs in all Occurs in all Occurs in
some
Uses host’s
Metabolism Occurs in all Occurs in all
metabolism
CELLULAR
STRUCTURE OF
EUCARYOTIC
CELLS
Eukaryotic Cell Structure
Cellular Membrane
encloses and holds the
cell intact
Cellular Membrane
regulates the
passage of
nutrients, wastes
products, and
secretions into
and out of the cell
Nucleus
differentiates
prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells
Nucleus
controls the
function of the
entire cell and
acts as the
command center
of the cell
3 components
Nucleoplasm
Chromosomes
Nuclear
membrane
Nuclear pores
Nucleolus
dark area in the
nucleus where the
rRNA molecules
are manufactured
Cytoplasm
contains insoluble
storage granules
and organelles
Endoplasmic reticulum: Passageway
Smooth ER
without attached ribosomes and plays
a role in lipid synthesis
Rough ER
with attached ribosomes
Ribosomes (80S): CHON synthesizers
consist mainly of
rRNA and protein
and helps in the
synthesis of
proteins
Golgi apparatus
completes the
transformation of
newly synthesized
protein into
mature, functional
ones
Lysosomes
lysozymes and
digestive enzymes
break down
foreign materials,
cell debris or the
whole cell
Peroxisomes
protects other
parts of the cell
from the harmful
effect of hydrogen
peroxide
Mitochondria
site for ATP
formation by
cellular respiration
Plastids
energy-producing
organelle
containing various
photosynthetic
pigments
Cytoskeleton
strengthens ,
supports and
stiffens the cell
giving its shape
Cell wall
external structure
that provides
rigidity, shape and
protection
Composed of various polysaccharides

unlike the prokaryotes
Organism Composition
Algae Cellulose
Plants Cellulose
Fungi Chitin/glucomannan
Flagella and cilia

organelles of
locomotion which
is eventually
necessary for
survival
Flagella
Exhibits positive and negative phototaxis
and chemotaxis but do not run and
tumble
CELLULAR
STRUCTURE OF
PROCARYOTIC
CELLS
CELLULAR
STRUCTURE OF
PROCARYOTIC
CELLS
Prokaryotic Cell Structure
Cell membrane
same in structure
and function to
the eukaryotic cell
membrane
Mesosomes
site for cellular
respiration in
bacteria
Chromosomes
single, long,
supercoiled DNA
molecules
Chromosomes
serves as the
control center of
the bacterial cell
Nucleoid
DNA-occupied
space within a
bacterial cell
Plasmid
small, circular
molecules of
double stranded
DNA that are not
part of the
chromosomes
Cytoplasm
semiliquid
containing a
complex mixture
of all materials
required for
metabolism
Ribosomes (70S)
same function
with eukaryotic
ribosome
Cell wall
provides strong
structural support
that prevents the
cell from bursting
or collapsing
Cell wall
consists of
peptidoglycan
(murein)
Gram positive Gram negative

thick layer of thinner layer of
peptidoglycan peptidoglycan
+ +
teichoic and complex layer of
lipoteichoic acid macromolecules
Gram negative Gram positive

Glycocalyx
thick layer of materials produced by

the cell membrane and extruded
outside the cell wall for protection and
adhesion
Glycocalyx
Slime layer Capsule
Not highly Highly organized
organized and not and firmly
firmly attached to attached to the
the cell wall cell wall
Protect cells from desiccation
Glycocalyx
Slime layer Capsule
enables bacteria serves an
to glide and slide antiphagocytic
along solid surface function
Flagella
Primary function: motility or self-

propulsion and eventually chemotaxis
through runs and tumbles
Flagella
Parts:
1. Basal body
2. Hook
3. Filament
Allows 360 degrees

rotation
Flagella
Flagella
Monotrichous/Polar
Lophotrichous
Amphitrichous
Peritrichous
Testing for Motility

Stabbing a tiny Microscopically
mass of cells into through hanging
soft medium drop technique
Fimbriae (Pili)
observed mostly on Gram-negative

bacteria
Fimbriae (Pili)
For attachment For conjugation
Endospores
related to the survival

l rather than on
the reproduction of bacteria
COMPARISON OF STRUCTURAL
DIFFERENCES
Eukaryotes Prokaryotes
Size
10 – 100 0.2 – 2.0
micrometers micrometers
DIFFERENCES
Nucleus
Present Absent
DIFFERENCES
Glycocalyx
Present in some Present as
animal cells organized capsule
or slime
DIFFERENCES
Motility
Undulating flagella Rotating flagella
DIFFERENCES
Flagella
Present in some Present in some
DIFFERENCES
Cilia
Present in some Absent in all
DIFFERENCES
Fimbriae and pili
Absent in all Present in some
DIFFERENCES
Cell wall
Present in most Present in most
DIFFERENCES
Cytosol
Present in all Present in all
DIFFERENCES
Endospore
Absent in all Present in some
DIFFERENCES
Ribosomes
Larger (80S) Smaller (70S)
DIFFERENCES
Nucleus
Present in all Absent in all
DIFFERENCES
Nuclear membrane
DIFFERENCES
Endoplasmic reticulum
DIFFERENCES
Mitochondria
Present in most Absent in all

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Microbial Morphology

• Fundamental unit of any living organism

• Categorized into two:

• CYTOLOGY – study of the structure and

Schleiden Schwann Virchow

Characteristics Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Viruses

Growth Occurs in all Occurs in all Does not

Endoplasmic reticulum: Passageway

Ribosomes (80S): CHON synthesizers

Composed of various polysaccharides

Flagella and cilia

Gram positive Gram negative

Gram negative Gram positive

thick layer of materials produced by

Primary function: motility or self-

Allows 360 degrees

Testing for Motility

observed mostly on Gram-negative

related to the survival

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