GEOELECTRIC

METHOD
 INTRODUCTION
Electrical resistivity methods were developed in the
early 1900 but have become very much more
widely used since the 1970, due primarily to the
availability of computers to process and analyse the
data.
 INTRODUCTION
 These techniques are used
extensively in the search for
suitable groundwater sources
and also to monitor types of
groundwater pollution; in
engineering surveys to locate
sub-surface cavaties, faults and
fissures, permafrost, ineshafts;
and in archaelogy for mapping
out the areal extent of
remmants of buried foundations
of ancient buildings, amongs
many other applications.
 INTRODUCTION
Geoelectric resistivity method is one method that is
widely used in the world of exploration, especially
exploration of ground water due to the resistivity of
the rock is very sensitive to the water content.
Actually the basic idea of this method is very
simple, namely to regard the earth as a resistor.
 PRINCIPLES
The principle of the method is that the electrical
current is injected into the earth's natural flow
through the two electrodes, while the potential
difference that occurs is measured through two
potential electrodes. From the results of
measurements of currents and the electrical
potential difference can be obtained by variations in
the price of electrical resistivity in the layer below
the measuring point
 THEORY OF PHYSICS
Resistance
 THEORY OF PHYSICS
Resistivity

There are three ways in which electric current can be

conducted through a rock: electrolytic, electronic (ohmic) and
dielctric conduction. Electrolytic conduction occurs by the
relatively slow movement of ions within an electrolyte and
depends upon the type of ion, ionic concentration and mobility.
Electronic conduction is the process by which metals, for
example, allow electrons to move rapidly, so carrying yhe
charge. Dielctric conduction occurs in very weakly conducting
materials (or insulators) when an external alternating current is
applied, so causing atomic electrons to be shifted slighly with
respect to their nuclie.
Table of Resistivities of Common Geologic Materials
 Equipment
 Equipment and materials necessary resistivity method such as
1. Resistivity meter
2. Cables 4 rolls
3. Battery
4. Eleklroda
5. GPS (Global Positioning System)
6. Regional Geological Map Research
7. Roll Meter
8. Data Sheet
9. Stationery And Clipboard
10.Hammer
11.Computers with Microsoft Windows Operating System
12.Software IPI2Win
13.Software Microsoft Office Ecxel
14.Software Surfer 8
15.Res2Dinv software version 3.53g for Windows 98/Me
 Acquisition
 Data acquisition is done by using the Wenner
sounding and mapping configuration. Wenner
sounding data collection at only at one
measuring point is at the point of the hot
springs that come to the surface. It was
intended as a control on the results obtained
by using the Wenner mapping. The data
measured in the field is the potential difference
(AV) between P1 and P2. and strong currents (/)
on C1 and C2 are injected into the earth, and
the resistance (R).
 Data collection was conducted in accordance
with the configuration that is used Wenner
configuration. Measurement begins by
measuring the distance between the electrodes,
and then the electrode current (C1C2) and
electrode potential (P1P2) plugged in accordance
with the Wenner array configuration (distance
between the electrodes is a).
 After that, fired into the ground and note the
current value of the potential difference (AV), a
strong current (I), resistance (R), datum points
and electrode spacing. On the datum point noted
also the latitude, longitude and altitude above
sea level research using GPS (Global Positioning
System).
 When finished recorded, the next step is to widen
the distance electrodes and do the same thing
by firing currents and measuring the potential
difference and current read on the device, and so
on until the maximum distance between the
electrodes.
 In the Wenner configuration mapping, in
principle the same as sounding Wenner
configuration. The difference in the Wenner
configuration mapping, acquisition performed
more than one datum point and the direction of
movement of the electrode following the path
length measurement.
 Processing

in processing usually use software to

simplify and speed up data processing.
This processing used some software, such
as IPI2Win, Ms.Office Excel, Surfer 8, and
Res2Dinv version 3.53g for win 98/Me
 Wenner Sounding

Wanner sounding data processing using

software IPI2Win. This software need of
input data such as the distance between
the electrodes (a). Difference potential
(∆V), current (I), and the geometry factor
(k) to obtain the apparent resistivity
values (ρa).
 These data are processed through software
IPI2Win to produce plot the data curve between
apparent resistivity (ρa). To the distance between
the electrodes (a).
 Plot the data curve matched to a standard curve
through inversion techniques to near minimum
error.
 And plot the results of the curve has been
inverted to obtain resistivity values of each layer
as well as the amount of layering and depth below
the surface.
 Wenner Mapping
After the acquisition or completion of data collection
in the field, the obtained value of the potential
difference (∆V), current (I), datum points, the distance
between the electrodes (a), and the impedance or
resistance (R).
Data has been obtained can not be directly analyzed
using software Res2Dinv version 3.53g before
predetermined magnitude geometry factor (k) in
distance between the electrodes. If the value of k
obtained, the next step is to determine the value of
apparent resistivity (ρa).
Apparentresistivity (ρa) was obtained by using a
predetermined formula. Furthermore, all
measurement data is processed using Ms.Office
Excel.

Magnitude of apparent resistivity values then

processed using software Res2Dinv version 3.53g .
But before processed with software Res2Dinv
version 3.53g, the data must be converted into a
format extension. DAT via software surfer 8.
Then, the data in the format extension. DAT would
be input on software Res2Dinv version 3.53g. Then
do a data inversion to obtain minimum error.
Inversion results displayed in the map section
(pseudosection) below the surface.
Through software Res2Dinv version 3.53g,
knowable dimensions and scale resistivity level (ρ),
so that the subsurface layers and predictable
structure constituent rocks.
Horizontal spread of hot water resistivity values
known through the same continuity. so that the
thickness and the depth and direction of spread can
be known.
 INTERPRETATIONMETHODS

 Verticalsounding field curves can be

interpreted qualitatively using simple
curve shapes, semi-quantitatively with
graphical model curves,
orquantitatively with computer
modelling.
 The last method is the mostrigorous
but there is a danger with computer
methods to over-interpret the data.
 Qualitative approach
 Thefirst stageif any interpretation of apparent resistivity
sounding curves is to note the curve shape. This can be
classified simply for three electrical layers into one off our
basic curve shapes. These can also be combined to
describe more complex field curves that may have several
more layers.
 The curve shape is dependent upon the relative
thicknesses of the in-between layers. The maximum angle
of slope that the rising portion of a resistivity graph may
have on a log-log graph, is 45°, given the same scales on
both axes.
 If the field curve rises more steeply, then this suggest
serror in the data or that geometric effects due to steeply
in clined horizons/are distorting the data.
 Master curves
 Interpretation of field curves by
matching again staset of theoretically
calculated master curves is based on the
assumptions that the model relates to a
horizontally stratified earth and that
successively deeper layers are thicker
than those over lying.
 The use of master curves does seem to
provide acrude estimate of the physical
model.
Intrepetation Data

The starting model is used

to generate a theoretical
synthetic
Sounding curve which is
compared with the field
data. Aniterative process is
then carried out to adjust
the resistivities of the
model while keeping the
boundaries fixed. After
each iteration the
theoretical curve is
recalculated and compared
with the field data.
 Intrepetation Data

Figure Final interpretation of faulted Triassicsequencein Staffordshire,UK.(A) Two-dimensionalfinite

difference model. (B) Computed apparent resistivity pseudo-section. (C) Fielddata.(D)
Geologicalinterpretationbasedon(A) andadditional information. From Griffiths et al. (1990),
 The end