Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
By
Liaquat Ali Khan
Feed Back
Sensor
To Controller
Energy
Source
Components of an instrumentation sys
Displacement Force Weight Temp Pressure Flow Digital
Sensor Transducer
Signal Processing
I/O Structure
Applications
Performance /Quality Parameters
of Sensors/Transducers
• Range & Span
• Error
• Accuracy
• Resolution
• Repeatability
• Stability
• Dead Band & Time
• Sensitivity
• Precision
• Backlash
• Linearity
Performance Parameters of
Sensors/Transducers
• Range & Span: “Limits b/w input.” e.g.
-10 -- 50KN
– span=Max i/p-Min i/p 60 KN
– Range= -10 to 50 KN
• Error: “Diff b/w Measured & True Value.”
Error=Measured Value – True Value, e.g. if actual
temp is 24oC & Measurement sys gives 250C,
error is +1oC. It may be +ve or –ve.
• Accuracy: 10±2oC. Accuracy may be affected by
temperature, target reflectance or ambient light.
• Resolution: ”is the smallest change in distance that
a sensor can detect, and is typically a smaller value
than the accuracy error.” or “If there is the smallest
change in i/p value & produces an observable change
in the o/p.”
• Repeatability: “is a measure of sensor stability over
time.” or “It’s the ability of a transducer to give same
o/p for repeated application of same input value.”
Repeatability=
Max Min values given
*100
Full Range
• Stability: “The ability of a transducer to give
the same o/p when used to measure a
constant i/p over a period of time.”
– Drift change in o/p that occurs over time.
– Zero drift changes in o/p when input is zero.
• Dead Band: “Range of input values for which
there is no o/p.”
• Dead Time: “The length of time from the
application of an i/p until the o/p begins to
respond & change.”
• Sensitivity, Hysteresis Error, Non-
Linearity error, & Output Impedance
Sensors/Transducers
• Safety/Rescue Testbed
• Earthquake Testbed
• Mechanical Sensors
• Position Sensors
Personal Security
• Sensors track a broad range of information
• Integrated wireless communication and cheap
central storage
• Broad range of information available for data
manipulation
• Technology to control “proper usage” of data?
– Analogies to medical records
– How to enable owner of data to control
distribution?
– How to distribute proper authority when
necessary?
Safety/Rescue Testbed
• Various sensors together, measuring
temperature, gas contents, and flows in
sprinkler systems...
– Effective form near the entrances of the building.
Then the arriving fire crews can proceed in an
effective and organized manner
– Which floors are still accessible, and which regions
are too hot or filled with gases.
– Occupancy sensors in all offices and corridors will
give an account of where there are still people left
in the building.
– Also prevent fires “in the first place” with sensors
Earthquake Testbed
• Nodes monitor acceleration, strain, micro-
seismic, temperature, relative humidity,
and barometric pressure, etc., throughout
the building.
– In post-earthquake situation, the reports from
the nodes can be used to guide the repair
strategy.
Sensing Functions
• Sensors convert measurands into electrical signals
– Sensors transform one energy form into electrical form
– There are six energy forms and thus six categories of
sensors
• Mechanical sensors.
• Thermal sensors
• Electrical sensors
• Radiant sensors
• Magnetic sensors
• Bio/chemical sensors
• Sensors required by a building
– Heat, ventilation and air condition
• Temperature and relative humidity
• Air flow rate
Sensing Functions
– Indoor environment quality
• Specific gas sensors, e.g. CO2
– Security and life safety
• Fire alarms
• Observation image sensors
Energy efficiency
• Light level sensors
• Occupancy
– Automatic building
• Proximity sensors
Sensing Functions
Light
Air Flow Detector
Sensor
Smoke
Detector
Humidity Motion
Sensor Detector Water
Flow
Sensor
Temper-
ature Security
Sensor Card
Reader
Building Management
Storm Water
Control
Heater
Ventilator
Fire Alarm
CLASSIFICATION OF SENSORS
DISCRETE EVENT SENSORS