Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
MANAGEMENT
UNIT -V
Meaning of Portfolio Management
The art of selecting the right investment
policy for the individuals in terms of minimum
risk and maximum return is called as portfolio
management
Phases of Portfolio Management
Security Analysis
Portfolio Construction
Portfolio Selection
Portfolio Revision
Portfolio Evaluation
1.Security Analysis
1.Fundamental Analysis
2.Technical Analysis
2.Portfolio Construction/Analysis
Investor attempt to spread a risk not putting all the
Eggs into one basket
3.Portfolio Selection
Portfolio analysis provides the input the next phase in
portfolio management which is portfolio selection
4.Portfolio Revision
To monitor the portfolio, it leads to purchase of some
new securities and sale of some of the existing
securities from the portfolio
5.Portfolio Evaluation
Portfolio evaluation is the process which is concerned
with assessing the performance of the portfolio over a
selected period of time in terms of return and risk
1.PORTFOLIO ANALYSIS/CONSTRUCTION
To obtain Optimum return with minimum risk
Portfolio Theory
Portfolio theory deals with the selection of optimal
portfolio by rational risk averse investors
It determines the combination of risk and return that
the investor to achieve the highest return for a given
level of risk
Portfolio Risk and Return
Portfolio returns are the weighted returns of all
securities constituting the portfolio
The portfolio risk considers the standard deviation
together with covariance between securities
Portfolio Expected Return and Risk
Were
R = Expected Rate of Return in a Portfolio
p
th
Wi = Proportion of total investment invested in i asset
th
Ri = Expected Rate of return as i Security
n= Number of securities in a given portfolio
Portfolio Risk
Measurement
Correlation plays a main role to estimate of portfolio risk
Correlation is basically a relationship measure between
two variables X and Y, it gives the degree of relationship as
a coefficient called ‘Correlation Coefficient’
Correlation Coefficient is denoted by small ‘r’ whose value
ranges from +1.0(Positive) to -1.0(Negative)
Correlation is calculated as ratio between Covariance (Cov)
and Variance (σ)of individual variables
Cov (x,y)
R= ----------
σx σy
2.PORTFOLIO SELECTION
Portfolio analysis provides the input for the next phase
in portfolio management is called Portfolio Selection
Approaches in Portfolio Selection
1. Traditional Approach
2. Modern Approach
1. Traditional Approach
It is a comprehensive financial plan for the individual.
It takes into account the individual needs such as
housing, life insurance and pension plan. It is basically
deals with 2 major decisions
1. Determining the objectives of the portfolio
2. Selection of securities to be included in the portfolio
Steps in Traditional Approach
Analysis of Constraints
Determination of Objectives
Selection of Portfolio
Diversification
1. Analysis of Constraints
i)Income Needs
The income needs depend on the need for income
(Living Expenses)
ii)Liquidity
Liquidity need of the investment is highly
individualistic of the investor (Money Market Funds,
Shares)
iii)Safety of Principal
The investors is the safety of the principal value at the
time of liquidation (Bonds and Debentures)
iv)Time Horizon
Time Horizon is the investment planning period of the
individuals
v)Tax Consideration
Investors in the income tax paying group consider
the tax concessions they could get from their
investments
vi)Temperament
Risk Taking (High Risk and Low Risk)
2. Determination of Objectives
The Common Objectives
i) Current Income
ii) Growth in Income
iii)Capital Appreciation
iv) Preservation of Capital
3. Selection of Portfolio
i) Objectives and Asset Mix
60% of the investment is made on debts and 40% on equities
ii) Growth of Income and Asset Mix
Here the investor requires a certain % of the growth in the income
received from his investment
iii) Capital Appreciation and Asset Mix
That means the value of the original investment over the year (Real
Estate)
iv) Safety of Principal and Asset Mix
All investor have this objective in their mind .no one like to lose his
money invested in different asset
4. Assessment of Risk and Return
The risks are namely interest rate risk, Purchasing power risk,
financial risk and market risk
5. Diversification
Once the asset mix is determined and the risk and return are
analyzed, the final step is the diversification
2. Modern Approach
It is represent Markowitz approach
Factors influencing Portfolio Selection
1.Security
Maintenance of the capital value of the investment
2.Return
Money put into investment is expected to earn a
satisfactory rate of return
3.Growth Prospects
The returns from investments should not only be
satisfactory but also over time grow to keep the investors
happy
4.Liquidity
This refers to the convertibility of investments back into
cash at short notice
5.Risk
Risk can be reduced by diversification
Portfolio Models
1. Markowitz Model
2. Sharpe single index model
3. Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM)
1. Markowitz Model
Markowitz portfolio selection method identifies an investor’s
unique risk – return preferences
Assumptions of Markowitz Model
1.Investors consider each investment alternative as being represented
by a probability distribution of expected returns over some holding
period
2.Individual estimate risk on the basis of the variability of expected
returns
3.Investors base decisions solely on expected return and variance or
returns only
7.For a given risk level, investors prefer high returns to lower returns
Transparency Diversification
Research Professional
Management
Convenience Stability
Tax Benefits Flexibility
Affordability Liquidity
1.Transparency
It is transparently declare their portfolio every
month
2.Diversification
It is invest in a number of companies across
various industries and sectors
3.Research
It is required information and date required
for investments so equity teams available
4.Professional Management
Funds are professionally managed by an
portfolio managers
5.Convenience
It will reduce the paper work , save time etc
6.Stability
Large amount invested , so losses of stock market will
reduced and continue to invest
7.Tax Benefits
Rs,9000 allowed under section 80L of the income tax
act
8.Flexibility
It allows various family schemes so the investor have
option to transferring their holdings from one to other
9.Affordability
Compare to direct investment its having less expensive
10.Liquidity
Easily encash their investment by selling their units
Disadvantages of Mutual Fund
1.Many of the investor not willing to invest
unless there is a promise of a minimum return
2.Some times portfolio mangers invest in
unlisted companies
3.Corporate having restriction to invest upto
60% only
4.Hold only minimum % of shares in a particular
industry
5.Banks and MFs do not have strong distribution
network they depend on the brokers
Risk in Mutual Fund
Market Risk Credit Risk
Inflation Risk Interest rate Risk
Political Risk Liquidity Risk
1.Market Risk
Outside factors affecting market that time mid
size companies will affect ( SIP)
2.Credit Risk
Interest payments or repayment of principal
3.Inflation Risk
Inflation is the loss of Purchasing power
4.Interest Rate Risk
Changes in interest rates affect the prices of
bonds as well as equities
5.Political Risk
Changes in government policy and political
decision can change the investment
environment
6.Liquidity Risk
It will arises when it becomes difficult to sell
the securities