Seventh Edition

CHAPTER VECTOR MECHANICS FOR ENGINEERS:

13
8
DYNAMICS
Ferdinand P. Beer
E. Russell Johnston, Jr. Kinetics of Particles:
Newton’s 2nd Law of
Lecture Notes:
J. Walt Oler Motion
Texas Tech University

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Seventh
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics
Contents
Introduction
Newton’s Second Law of Motion
Equations of Motion
Sample Problem 8.1
Sample Problem 8.2
Sample Problem 8.3

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Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics
Introduction
• Newton’s first and third laws are sufficient for the study of bodies at
rest (statics) or bodies in motion with no acceleration.

• When a body accelerates (changes in velocity magnitude or direction),

Newton’s second law is required to relate the motion of the body to the
forces acting on it.

• Newton’s second law:

- A particle will have an acceleration proportional to the magnitude of
the resultant force acting on it and in the direction of the resultant
force.
- The resultant of the forces acting on a particle is equal to the rate of
change of linear momentum of the particle.

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Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics
Newton’s Second Law of Motion
• Newton’s Second Law: If the resultant force acting on a
particle is not zero, the particle will have an acceleration
proportional to the magnitude of resultant and in the
direction of the resultant.
• Consider a particle subjected to constant forces,
F1 F2 F3
     constant  mass, m
a1 a2 a3

• When a particle of mass m is acted upon by a force F ,
the acceleration of the particle must satisfy
 
F  ma
• If force acting on particle is zero, particle will not
accelerate, i.e., it will remain stationary or continue on a
straight line at constant velocity.

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Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics
Linear Momentum of a Particle
• Replacing the acceleration by the derivative of the
velocity yields
 
dv
F  m
dt

d  dL
 m v  
dt dt

L  linear momentum of the particle

• Linear moment of particle has the same direction

as the velocity of the particle, and its magnitude is
equal to the product of mv

• Linear Momentum Conservation Principle:

If the resultant force on a particle is zero, the linear
momentum of the particle remains constant in both
magnitude and direction.

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Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics
Equations of Motion
• Newton’s second law provides
 
 F  m a
• Solution for particle motion is facilitated by resolving
vector equation into scalar component equations, e.g.,
for rectangular components,
 
 Fx i  Fy j  Fz k   ma x i  a y j  a z k 
   

 Fx  max  Fy  ma y  Fz  maz
 Fx  mx  Fy  my  Fz  mz
• For tangential and normal components,
 F t  mat  F n  man
dv v2
 t
F  m Fn  m
dt 

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Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics
Sample Problem 8.1
A 200-lb block rests on a horizontal plane. Find the
magnitude of the force P required to give the block an
acceleration or 10 ft/s2 to the right. The coefficient of
kinetic friction between the block and plane is mk  0.25.

SOLUTION • Resolve the equation of motion for the block

into two rectangular component equations.
 Fx  ma :
 
P cos 30  0.25 N  6.21 lb  s 2 ft 10 ft s 2 
P cos 30  0.25 N  62.1 lb (1)
 Fy  0 :
y
N  P sin 30  200 lb  0
W 200 lb
O
m  2 N  P sin 30  200 lb (2)
x g 32 .2 ft s
lb  s 2 • Unknowns: P & N. Substitute Eq. 2 to Eq. 1
 6.21
ft P cos 30  0.25P sin 30  200 lb   62.1 lb
F  m k N  0.25 N P  151lb
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Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics
Sample Problem 8.2
The 6-kg block B starts from rest and slides on the
15-kg wedge A, which is supported by a horizontal
surface.
Neglecting friction, determine (a) the acceleration
of the wedge, and (b) the acceleration of the block
relative to the wedge.

SOLUTION
Wedge A. since the wedge is constrained to move
on the horizontal surface , its acceleration aA is
horizontal. We assume it is directed to the right.
Block B. the acceleration aB of the block B can be
expressed as the sum of the acceleration of A and
acceleration of B relative to A. Thus, we have
  
aB  a A  aB A

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Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics
Sample Problem 8.2
• Draw free-body diagram of the wedge and block
y

• Write equations of motion for wedge and block.

Wedge A
x
F x  mAa A
N1 sin30° = mA aA
0.5N1 = mA aA
Block B

 Fx  mB a x  mB a A cos 30  aB A : 
-WB sin30° = mB ( aA cos30° - aB A )
aB A = aA cos30° + gsin30°

 Fy  mB a y  mB  a A sin 30 :
N1 - mB gcos30° = - ( mB ) aA sin30°

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Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics
Sample Problem 8.2
(a) Acceleration of Wedge A
0.5N1 = ma a A
N1 - mB gcos30° = -mB aA sin30°
2mA aA - mB g cos30° = -mB aA sin 30°
mB g cos30°
aA =
2mA + mB sin30°
( 6 kg) ( 9.81m/s2 ) cos30°
aA =
2 (15kg) + ( 6 kg) sin 30°
aA = 1.545m s2
(a) Acceleration of Block B relative to A
aB A = aA cos30° + gsin30°

( ) (
aB A = 1.545m s2 cos30° + 9.81m s2 sin30° )
aB A = 6.24m s2
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Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics
Sample Problem 8.3

SOLUTION

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Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics
Sample Problem 8.3

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Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics
Sample Problem 8.4
Determine the maximum theoretical speed that may be achieved over a distance
of 60 m by a car starting from rest, knowing that the coefficient of static friction
is 0.80 between the tires and the pavement and that 60 percent of the weight of
the car is distributed over its front wheels and 40 percent over its rear wheels.
Assume four-wheel drive.
SOLUTION

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Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics

THANK YOU

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