Chapter 4 - Distributed Forces - Centroids, Center of Gravity

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
CHAPTER 4
DISTRIBUTED FORCES:
CENTROIDS, CENTER OF
GRAVITY
5-1
Contents
• Introduction of Centroids
• Centroids and Center of Gravity
• First Moments of Areas & Lines
• Centroids of Common Shapes of Areas
• Centroids of Common Shapes of Lines
• Composite Plates & Areas
• Determination of Centroids by Integration
• Theorems of Pappus-Guldinus
5-2
Objectives
 To discuss the concept of the center of gravity and the centroids

 To show how to determine the location of the center of gravity and
centroid
 To use theorem of Pappus-Guldinus for finding area and volume
for a surface of revolution
5-3
Introduction
• The earth exerts a gravitational force on each of the particles
forming a body. These forces can be replace by a single
equivalent force equal to the weight of the body and applied
at the center of gravity for the body.
• The centroid of an area is related to the center of gravity

of a body. The concept of the first moment of an area is
used to locate the centroid.
• Determination of the area of a surface of revolution and

the volume of a body of revolution are accomplished
with the Theorems of Pappus-Guldinus.
5-4
Center of Gravity
• Center of gravity of a plate • Center of gravity of a wire
M y x W   x W
  x dW
M x y W   y W
  y dW
5-5
Centroids and First Moments of Areas
• Centroid of an area
x W   x dW
W  tA
where   specific weight
t  thickness of the plate; x At    x t dA
A  area of the element x A   x dA  Q y
 first moment wit h respect to y
yA   y dA  Qx
 first moment wit h respect to x
5-6
Centroids and First Moments of Lines
• Centroid of a line
W  aL x W   x dW
where   specific weight x  La    x  a dL
a  cross - sectional area of the wire
x L   x dL
L  length of the element
yL   y dL
5-7
First Moments of Areas and Lines
• An area is symmetric with respect to an axis BB’
if for every point P there exists a point P’ such
that PP’ is perpendicular to BB’ and is divided
into two equal parts by BB’.
• The first moment of an area with respect to a
line of symmetry is zero.
• If an area possesses a line of symmetry, its
centroid lies on that axis
• If an area possesses two lines of symmetry, its
centroid lies at their intersection.
• An area is symmetric with respect to a center O
if for every element dA at (x,y) there exists an
area dA’ of equal area at (-x,-y).
• The centroid of the area coincides with the
center of symmetry.
5-8
Centroids of Common Shapes of Areas
5-9
Centroids of Common Shapes of Lines
5 - 10
Centroids of Common Shapes of Areas
5 - 11
Composite Plates and Areas
• Composite plates
X W   x W
Y W   y W
• Composite area
X  A  xA
Y  A   yA
5 - 12
Sample Problem 4.1
SOLUTION:
• Divide the area into a triangle, rectangle,
and semicircle with a circular cutout.
• Calculate the first moments of each area
with respect to the axes.
• Find the total area and first moments of
the triangle, rectangle, and semicircle.
Subtract the area and first moment of the
For the plane area shown, determine circular cutout.
the first moments with respect to the • Compute the coordinates of the area
x and y axes and the location of the centroid by dividing the first moments by
centroid. the total area.
5 - 13
Sample Problem 4.1
• Find the total area and first moments of the Qx  506.2  103 mm 3
triangle, rectangle, and semicircle. Subtract the
Q y  757.7 103 mm 3
area and first moment of the circular cutout.
5 - 14
Sample Problem 4.1
• Compute the coordinates of the area
centroid by dividing the first moments by
the total area.
X  x A  757.7 103 mm 3

 A 13.828103 mm 2
X  54.8 mm
Y   y A  506.2 103 mm 3

 A 13.828103 mm 2
Y  36.6 mm
5 - 15
Sample Problem 4.2
Locate the centroid of the plane area SOLUTION:
shown.
5 - 16
Sample Problem 4.2
5 - 17
Sample Problem 4.3
5 - 18
Sample Problem 4.3
SOLUTION:
5 - 19
Determination of Centroids by Integration
x A   xdA   x dxdy   xel dA • Double integration to find the first moment
may be avoided by defining dA as a thin
yA   ydA   y dxdy   yel dA rectangle or strip.
x A   xel dA x A   xel dA
x A   xel dA
2r 1 
  x  ydx 
ax
 a  x dy   cos  r 2 d 
2 3 2 
yA   yel dA
yA   yel dA yA   yel dA
y
  ydx   y a  x dy  
2r 1 
sin   r 2 d 
2
3 2 
5 - 20
Sample Problem 4.4
SOLUTION:
• Determine the constant k.
• Evaluate the total area.
• Using either vertical or horizontal
strips, perform a single integration to
find the first moments.
Determine by direct integration the
location of the centroid of a parabolic • Evaluate the centroid coordinates.
spandrel.
5 - 21
Sample Problem 4.4
SOLUTION:
• Determine the constant k.
y  k x2
b
b  k a2  k 
a2
b a
y x2 or x y1 2
a2 b1 2
• Evaluate the total area.

A   dA
a
a
b 2  b x3 
  y dx   2 x dx   2 
0a  a 3  0
ab

3
5 - 22
Sample Problem 4.4
• Using vertical strips, perform a single integration
to find the first moments.
a
 b 
Q y   xel dA   xydx   x 2 x 2 dx
0 a 
a
 b x4  a 2b
 2  
 a 4  0 4
a 2
y 1 b 2
Q x   yel dA   ydx    2 x  dx
2 02a 
a
 b2 x5  ab 2
 4  
 2a 5  0 10
5 - 23
Sample Problem 4.4
• Or, using horizontal strips, perform a single
integration to find the first moments.
ax a  x2
b 2
Q y   xel dA   a  x dy   dy
2 0 2
1 b  2 a 2  a 2
b
  a  y dy 
2 0  b 
 4
 a 
Qx   yel dA   y a  x dy   y a  1 2 y1 2 dy
 b 
b
 a 3 2 ab 2
   ay  1 2 y dy 
0 b  10
5 - 24
Sample Problem 4.4
• Evaluate the centroid coordinates.
xA  Q y
ab a 2 b 3
x  x a
3 4 4
yA  Q x
ab ab 2 3
y  y b
3 10 10
5 - 25
Theorems of Pappus-Guldinus
• Surface of revolution is generated by rotating a

plane curve about a fixed axis.
• Area of a surface of revolution is

equal to the length of the generating
curve times the distance traveled by
the centroid through the rotation.
A  2 yL
5 - 26
Theorems of Pappus-Guldinus
• Body of revolution is generated by rotating a plane

area about a fixed axis.
• Volume of a body of revolution is

equal to the generating area times
the distance traveled by the centroid
through the rotation.
V  2 y A
5 - 27
Sample Problem 4.5
SOLUTION:
• Apply the theorem of Pappus-Guldinus
to evaluate the volumes or revolution
for the rectangular rim section and the
inner cutout section.
• Multiply by density and acceleration

to get the mass and acceleration.
Knowing that the pulley is made of
steel and that the density of steel is
determine the mass and weight of the
rim.
  7.85  10 3 kg m 3
5 - 28
Sample Problem 4.5
SOLUTION:
• Apply the theorem of Pappus-Guldinus
to evaluate the volumes or revolution for
the rectangular rim section and the inner
cutout section.
• Multiply by density and acceleration to

get the mass and acceleration.
   9 3 3
m  V  7.85  10 kg m 7.65  10 mm 10 m mm 
3 3

6 3

 m  60.0 kg

W  mg  60.0 kg  9.81 m s 2  W  589 N
5 - 29
END OF CHAPTER 4
THANK YOU
5 - 30

Chapter 4 - Distributed Forces - Centroids, Center of Gravity

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Chapter 4 - Distributed Forces - Centroids, Center of Gravity

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Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

 To discuss the concept of the center of gravity and the centroids

• The centroid of an area is related to the center of gravity

• Determination of the area of a surface of revolution and

• Evaluate the total area.

• Surface of revolution is generated by rotating a

• Area of a surface of revolution is

• Body of revolution is generated by rotating a plane

• Volume of a body of revolution is

• Multiply by density and acceleration

• Multiply by density and acceleration to

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