FIBER OPTIC TRAINING

BY
G.D.QURAISHI

ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT MARKETING CO.(EEMCO)

AUTHORISED DISTRIBUTORS FOR

www.anritsu.com
1
www.fujikura.co.jp www.aeroflex.com
 Training Agenda
 History of Fiber Optics

 Introduction to Fiber Optics

 Measurement Instruments
 Fabrication of Patch Cords
 Supplied product Familiarization for Splicing
Machine, Anritsu OTDR, Noyes Light Source, Power
Meter and Talk Set

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 History of Fiber Optics
 The Guided Transmission of Light by John Tyndall
in 1870
Light followed a zigzag path inside the curved
path
of the water

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 History of Fiber Optics
 During the 1950’s Fiberscope was developed by Brian
O’Brian and Narinder Kapany (Coined the Term Fiber
Optics in 1956 )
Fiberscope found applications in inspecting welds inside
reactor vessels and Jet Engines and in the medical field.
 Semiconductor Lasers were realized in 1962 which are
widely used in Fiber Optics

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 History of Fiber Optics
 Initially 850nm is widely used due to easily available
Light emitter ’s and low cost silicon detectors
 Later Second window
at 1310 nm and Third
window at 1550nm
were developed.

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 History of Fiber Optics
 In 1977 ,AT& T and GTE installed Fiber Optic
telephone systems in Chicago and Boston respectively

 In 1994, Winter Olympics in Lillehammer, Norway

fiber optics transmitted the first ever digital video

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 What Is Fiber Optics?
 Fiber Optics are Long thin Strands of Pure Glass about
the Diameter of a Human Hair.They are arranged in
bundles called Optical Cables and used to transmit Light
Signals Over Long Distances.

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 Parts of Fiber Optic Cable

Core
- Usually Glass
- Carries the Light signal
Cladding
- Keeps the Light within
the Core
Buffer Coating
- Protective Coating
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 Parts of Fiber Optic Cable
Snell’s law which states that the angle at which
light is is reflected depend on the refractive indices
Of two materials- core and cladding. The lower
refractive index of cladding(w.r.t core) causes the
light to be angled back into the core.

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 Fiber Size

 Measured in Microns
( One millionth of a Meter)
 Human Hair = 85 m
b a

Core
Cladding

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 Fiber Size

Most Common Industrial Sizes

• 9/125 m
• 50/125 m
b • 62.5/125 m
a • 100/140 m
• 200/230 m

Core
Cladding

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 Structure
 Structure of the Fiber determines how light
Travels through it - Modes

Single Mode Fiber

A Single path
Through the Fiber

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 Structure
 Structure of the Fiber determines how light
Travels through it - Modes

Multimode Fiber :
Multiple paths
Through the Fiber

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 Structure
 Structure of the Fiber determines how light
Travels through it - Modes

Multimode Fiber :
Multiple paths
Through the Fiber

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 Numerical Aperture

N.A = N12- N22 Where N1 = Numerical Aperture of Core

N2 = Numerical Aperture of Cladding

Critical Angle () = Sin-1(N.A)

N1 = 1.62 , N2= 1.52 N.A = 0.56

Critical Angle () = 34 degrees
Acceptance Angle = 2 X 34 =68 degrees
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 Single Mode vs Multi Mode

Single Mode : 1310 nm,1550 nm

Multi Mode :850 nm, 1300 nm

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Single Mode vs Multi Mode

Single Mode

Multi Mode

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 Typical Attenuation Values
Cable
• Single Mode – 9 m
» 0.5 db/km @ 1310 nm
» 0.2 db/km @ 1550 nm
• Multi Mode – 62.5 m
» 1.5 db/km @ 1300 nm
» 3.5 db/km @ 850 nm
Large Core – 200 m
» 6-8 db/km @ 850 nm

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 Bandwidth
 Bandwidth is the amount of information
that a Fiber can carry

 Specified in Mhz/km
 Datacom Fiber — 500 Mhz/km

 Telecom Fiber — 2 Ghz/km

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 Optical Fiber Comparision
Multi Mode Single
Light
Mode
LED/ILD ILD
Source
Bandwidth >1 Ghz/km Up to 1000
Ghz/Km
Wavelength 850,1300 nm 1310,1550 nm
Core/ 62.5/125 m 9/125 m
Cladding 50/125 m
Applications LAN Long Distance,
Telecom Lines
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 Fiber Optic Splice
 Fiber Optic Splice is a permanent fiber joint whose
Purpose is to establish optical connection between two
Individual optical fibers.

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 Splicing Categories
Mechanical Splice : It is a fiber Splice where mechanical
Fixtures and material perform Fiber alignment and
connection.

Fusion Splice : It is a fiber Splice where localized heat

fuses or melts the ends of two optical fibers together.

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 Arc Fusion Splicer
Arc Fusion Splicer uses Arc Fusion Technique.Arc
Fusion involves the discharge of electric current across
a gap between two electrodes.By placing the Fiber ends
between the electrodes,the electric discharge melts or
fuses the ends of each fiber.

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Factors affecting splice loss in
Fusion Splicer
Cleave Angle
Quality of two end faces of fiber

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 Prefusion

Prefusion is a short discharge of electric current

that prepares fiber ends for Fusion.

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 FSM 50S Fusion Splicer

PAS uses small video camera for alignment and

measurement
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 FSM 50S Features

Portability
Dimensions(in mm) : 150 X 150 X 150
Weight :2.8 Kg(including AC Adapter)

Splicing Performance
Splicing Time – 9 Sec
Heating Time --- 35 Sec

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 FSM 50S Features
Usability
Dual-directional Operating System
Built-in 5.6 inch TFT LCD Monitor
Real Time Arc Calibration

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 FSM 50S Features

Average Splice Loss

Single Mode --- 0.02 db
Multi Mode --- 0.01 db
DS,NZDS--- 0.04 db

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 Operation of Fusion Splicer
Insert the Sleeve into the Fiber
Strip the Fiber to appropriate Length
Clean the Fiber with Alcohol Swabs
Cleaver
Place the Fiber in the Cleaver using grid to position it.
Align the Fiber to the Proper Length.
Press the Cleaver arm gently.
Safely discard the Fiber Scrap
Load Splicer
Position the Fiber near Electrodes thru V-grooves.
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 Operation of Fusion Splicer

Set the parameters for Splicer

Press SET on the Splicer

After Completion of Splice, the unit will show the

Splice Loss

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 Operation of Fusion Splicer

Set the parameters for Splicer

Press SET on the Splicer

After Completion of Splice, the unit will show the

Splice Loss

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Double click on the splice screen to
View the Splicing
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 Alignment of the Fiber
Passive Alignment(Fixed V Groove)
 Z Alignment

Active Alignment
X(horizontal),Y(Vertical),Z Alignment

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Environmental Factors affecting Splice
Cold and Hot Temperatures
Humidity affects MM Splicing.Reduce Fusion
Current if necessary
Electrodes are affected by humidity.Check them often in
Humid Conditions
Splicing at Higher altitudes requires higher fusion current.

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Fiber Optic System Components

 Transmitters

 Fiber Optical cable

 Receivers

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 Fiber Optic System Components

Transmitter Fiber Optic Cable Receiver

+
+_ _

Electrical In Electrical Out

_

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 Basic Fiber Optic Link

Splices or
Connectors
Tx Rx
Laser or PD
LED

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 Transmitters

Transmitters are measured by three parameters :

 Spectral width(nm) --- narrower the better
 Center wavelength(nm)---1310,1550,850,1300 nm
 Power Output(dbm)– measured in decibels
with respect to 1 mw.

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 Transmitters
Power

+10 dbm
-20
dbm
50-100 nm 1-10 nm
Spectral Width

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Common Fiber Optic Test Tools
Fiber Scopes
Visual fault finders
Optical Power meters
Optical Light Source
Optical Loss sets

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Fiber Scopes

 Fiber Scopes are designed to let you

visually inspect the ends of fibers or
connectors

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 Visual Fault Finders
 Visual Fault Finders transmits a visible laser light
wave through the fiber to see a break by light leaking
through the shield

 VFL uses Class II Lasers and shouldn’t be used for

any other purpose.

 Range is limited to 1 K.M

 Troubleshooting panels and Jumper cables

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 Optical Power Meters
Optical Power Meter is used to measure the loss
or attenuation of the entire Fiber system including
bends,splices and connectors between two points
Excessive power loss can indicate bad splices,broken
fiber and poor connections.
Measurement cannot reveal the location of the problem

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 Optical Sources
 Optical Sources are stable light sources used
in conjunction with power meters to perform
system loss measurements.
 Optical sources are available in all common
wavelengths and power output level is more
stable than transmitters.

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 Optical Loss Test Sets

 It combines Light source and Power Meter

into single kit.It is used to perform 2 way loss
measurements

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Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR)

 Commission the network at installation (Document)

 Verify Quality of Service(QOS) parameters such as
attenuation, losses and reflectance
 Detect problems such as cuts,bends,defective splices
or connectors
 Pinpoint the location and nature of events to facilitate
repairs

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Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR)
Components of OTDR

Laser

Display coupler
Processor

Detector

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Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR)
Processor
It sets up the magnitude ,duration and timing of light
pulses from laser into the fiber,captures the returned
energy and displays the reflected signal amplitude
versus time
Laser
It produces a light at a specific wavelength compatible with
fiber under test
Coupler
It directs outgoing light pulses to the fiber and reflected
light pulses to the detector
Detector
It is light receiver that quantifies the power characteristics
of the return signal
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Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR)

Backscatter
The portion of scattered light that travels in the opposition
direction of signal
OTDR measures the backscatter that has been reflected
to the laser and uses it to generate the trace display on the
screen

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Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR)
Fresnel Reflections
Light reflected from a glass air boundary causes a spike
to appear on trace
Glass air boundaries from connectors,mechanical splices
can also cause fresnel reflections.

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Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR)
Reflectance
Reflectance(return loss) for a reflective event is defined
as ratio of reflected power to input power in db.
Typical values range from –20 db to –50 db

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Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR)
Return Loss of Connectors on OTDR Trace
Angled PC--- -60 to –70db
Super PC------ -45db
PC---- -35db

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Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR)
Fusion Splices
It can produce any three results on OTDR Screen.
loss,no change or gainers.
When fibers with different properties are fused,the
variations in scattering coefficient can cause
gainers

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Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR)
Bends
Losses from bends increases substantially with
increase in wavelength

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Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR)

Micro bends
They are very small distortions in the Fiber.They
are caused due to manufacturing defects

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Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR)
Macro bend
Loss due to physical bend or stress

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Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR)
Trace of common Fiber Events

1.Front Panel Connector

2.Fusion Splice
3.Mechanical Splice
4.Fusion Splice
5.Macro bend
6. End of Fiber

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Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR)
Event Dead Zone
The minimum distance after an event that the OTDR
can accurately measure the next reflective event is
called dead zone
Narrow pulses produces shorter dead zones

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Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR)
Attenuation Dead Zone
Minimum distance after an event that the OTDR
can measure the loss due to non reflective event
such as splice
Loss dead zone relates to effect of the reflected
pulse on the OTDR detector

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Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR)
Dynamic Range
It is measure of the strength of the back scatter
signal at front panel compared to noise floor
It determines how long a fiber the OTDR can test
and how well it can detect low loss events in the
presence of noise

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Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR)

Connectors

Typically induces losses

between 0.1 db to 0.25 db

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Optical Link Loss Budget

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Thank you
Branch Office:

EEMCO
P.O.Box 30170
Al Khobar 31952
Tel : (03) 8870218
Fax : (01) 8870268

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