FILIPINO PSYCHOLOGY RESEARCH METHODS

MGA PAMAMARAAN NG PANANALIKSIK

PSYCHOLOGY, DEFINED (ENRIQUEZ)
 It takes into account the study of
 emotions and experienced knowledge (kalooban and kamalayan),
 awareness of one’s surroundings (ulirat),
 information and understanding (isip),
 habits and behavior (another meaning of diwa),
 soul (kaluluwa) which is the way to learning about people’s conscience.
 Filipino Psychology: principal emphasis in psychology is on identity and
national consciousness, social awareness and involvement, psychology of
language and culture, and applications and bases of Filipino psychology in
health practices, agriculture, art, mass media, religion, etc.
FOUR FILIATIONS OF PHILIPPINE
PSYCHOLOGY BY ZEUS SALAZAR
 Sikolohiyang Akadamiko- Pilosopikal (Academic-philosophical
Psychology)
 UST begins through education by individual monks and preachers: the
Jesuits:Thomistic Philosophy and Psychology. A continuing study of
psychology as an aspect of philosophy
 Sikolohiyang Akadamiko-siyentipiko: Kanluraning Tradisyon
(Western Tradition Of Academic-scientific Psychology)
 1876, birth of Scientific Psychology (German tradition)
 Entry of Western Psychology in UP and other universities (American
tradition)
 Sikolohiyang Etniko (Ethnic Psychology)
It is a major basis of Sikolohiyang Pilipino for integrating into a national tradition of
Psychology and Philosophy as universal disciplines.
 Indigenous Psychology (katutubong sikolohiya)
 It is common to the Filipinos who oftentimes are unaware of it: this frame of
psychological reason or theory can be called principally from language,
literature, etc (kinagisnang sikolohiya)
 Psychologies or psychological systems worked out by Filipinos with indigenous
elements as basis. Mainly reactive, resulting from contact with other cultures
and from acculturative experience. (Hermano Pule, Rizal, Isabelo de los Reyes)
 Psychology of Filipinos
 Based mainly on Western System of thought: Chinese, Spaniards and other
foreigners
 Expression of own ideas through Filipino language, literature (works of Rizal)
 Practice of Psychology
 Enculturation/Socialization as affected by Christianity or Islam
 Ancient Techniques of group therapy ( tagapayo, manghuhula, use of dreams)
 Sikomedikal Na Relihiyon Ang Ginagamit Bilang Elementong
Nag-uugnay At Nagpapaliwanag (Medico-religious Psychology)
 It considered religion as the cohesive element and considered as the
core of native Filipino Psychology
 It is manifested through
 Faith healing
 Espiritista
 Herbolaryo
 Other indigenous methods

Livelihood Psychology (Sikolohiyang pangkabuhayan)

A distinct and important line of filiation showing the roots and development of the
economic, livelihood, agricultural, business, management, and industrial psychology.
FILIPINO INTELLECTUAL TRADITION

 Filipino philosophy of science incorporates the demands of empirical

validation from reliability and validity to affirmability and authenticity.
 Levels of validity & scientific standards
katatagan (replicability, reliability)
katapatan (multiple operationism, validity)
patibay (certification)
patotoo (affirmability, attestability)
patunay (authenticity)
INDIGENIZING PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS

 Philippine Mental Abilities Test

 the first attempt at psychological test development by Sinfroso Padilla
 Philippine Studies in Mental Measurement
 Dissertation of Manuel Carreon published in New York
 Pagpapatawas
 A traditional projective technique
 “Apples to Papayas”
 An approach to improving test validity modifying test items to fit
Philippine conditions
CONCEPTS OF SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO

1. Mga katutubong konsepto;

 Saling-pusa, pamasakbutas, pagkapikon, balikbayan
2. Konseptong bunga ng pagtatakda ng kahulugan;
 Memory (alaala o gunita)
3. Ang pag-aandukha o pagbibugay ng katutubong kahulugan
 Giving own Filipino definition (taking advantage – kagarapalan)
4. Ang pagbibinyag o paggamit ng katutubong salita para sa banyagang konsepto
 Hiya, utang na loob, pakikisama
5. Paimbabaw na asimilasyon at konseptong hiram
 Standard of excellence (oo, alam na alam ko yan)
6. Mga Ligaw at banyagang konsepto
 Home for the aged
FILIPINO INDIGENOUS THEORIES

 Filipino concepts and models of personality

The five elements of the Ma’aram concept of pagkatawo (personhood):

ginhawa (vital principle)
buot (perception)
isip (mind)
dungan (sleep spirit)
kalag (life spirit)
FILIPINO INDIGENOUS THEORIES

 Filipino concepts and models of personality

Three elements in Baltazar’s model:

bait (sanity)
muni (reflection)
hatol (judgment)
FILIPINO INDIGENOUS THEORIES

 Filipino concepts and models of personality

The four elements in Covar’s concept of Filipino personhood:

kaluluwa (spirit)
budhi (conscience)
katauhang panlabas, external appearance
katauhang panloob (innermost being)
FILIPINO INDIGENOUS THEORIES

 Filipino social interaction theory

Levels and modes of social interaction rooted in Filipino
collectivist culture which have been identified using
ethnoscientific field methods.

 Kapwa, a core concept in Filipino social psychology.

Pakikipagkapwa is accepting, dealing with the other person
as an equal.
FILIPINO INDIGENOUS CONCEPTS

 Filipino concept of justice

Tagalog, Ilongos, Cebuanos, Pampangos use a common word for
justice, katarungan, derived from the Visayan root tarong means
straight, upright, appropriate, correct, and for right, we use karapatan,
whose root is dapat signifying fitting, appropriate, correct i.e. justice
is related to right

Jose W. Diokno (1983) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Isyu, pananaw, at

kaalaman. Allen Aganon at Ma. Assumpta David (1985). National
Bookstore, Inc.: Manila
RESEARCH MODELS

 Models of data collection

Self-orientation
Experimenter-orientation
Reactive-orientation
Mutual-orientation

Linda L. Viney (1988) in Pagbabangong-dangal: Indigenous psychology and

cultural empowerment. Virgilo G. Enriquez (Ed.) 1994. Akademya ng
Sikolohiyang Pilipino. Quezon City.
RESEARCH MODELS

 Models of data collection

Self-orientation Model:
the data collector and contributors relate to the other only
to the extent of waiting until the other stops responding,
e.g. laboratory-based studies of memory. Communication is
not taking place between them through socially shared
interpretations or common constructs.
RESEARCH MODELS

 Models of data collection

Experimenter-orientation Model:
the data collectors appear to influence while only the data
contributors appear to be influenced, e.g. Asch’s person
perception study; an imbalance of power in favor of data
collectors who appear to define the experimental situation.
RESEARCH MODELS

 Models of data collection

Reactive-orientation Model:
the participants in the data collection are reacting to what is
currently taking place between them, e.g. verbal
conditioning research; yet the capacities of both data
contributors and collectors to construe are assumed to be
unimportant and are ignored.
RESEARCH MODELS

 Models of data collection

Mutual-orientation Model:
the data collector and contributor give something to, and
gain something from the data collection, e.g. Piaget’s early
research on conservation. Indigenous psychology research
uses this model as the cultural researcher is a culture bearer
himself.
RESEARCH MODELS

Researcher-Researchee Relationship Model

 Scale of the Researcher
Iskala ng Mananaliksik
 Scale of the Relationship or Interaction between the Researcher and the
Researchee
Iskala ng Pagtutunguhan ng Mananaliksik at Kalahok

Carmen E. Santiago & Virgilio G. Enriquez (1975) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino:

Teorya, metodo, at gamit. Rogelia E. Pe-Pua (Ed.). UP Press.
SANTIAGO-ENRIQUEZ RESEARCH MODEL

Researcher-Researchee Relationship Model

 Scale of the Researcher
Iskala ng Mananaliksik

These are methods used by the researcher in generating

data that are tried and tested and are culturally sensitive
and appropriate in doing research with Filipinos.
SANTIAGO-ENRIQUEZ RESEARCH MODEL

Researcher-Researchee Relationship Model

 Scale of the Relationship or Interaction between the Researcher
and the Researchee
Iskala ng Pagtutunguhan ng Mananaliksik at Kalahok

The level of interaction between the researcher and the

researchee significantly determines the quality of data obtained.
SANTIAGO-ENRIQUEZ RESEARCH MODEL

Researcher-Researchee Relationship Model

 Levels of Relationship

There are eight levels of interaction which range from the

relatively uninvolved civility of pakikitungo to the total sense
of identification in pakikiisa. These eight levels of
interaction can be divided into two categories: the ibang-tao
(outsider) and the hindi ibang-tao (one-of-us).
SANTIAGO-ENRIQUEZ RESEARCH MODEL

Researcher-Researchee Relationship Model

 Levels of Relationship
Ibang-tao category (outsider)
pakikitungo (amenities, civility)
pakikisalimuha (interaction)
pakikilahok (participation, joining)
pakikibagay (conforming)
pakikisama (adjusting, being along with)
SANTIAGO-ENRIQUEZ RESEARCH MODEL

Researcher-Researchee Relationship Model

 Levels of Relationship
Hindi ibang-tao category (one-of-us)
pakikipagpalagayang-loob (mutual trust)
pakikisangkot (active involvement)
pakikiisa (full trust)
FILIPINO INDIGENOUS RESEARCH METHODS

Collective indigenous method partakes of the characteristics of:

 a community dialogue
 focused group discussion
 natural cluster interview
 group attestation
 puts premium on:
1. cultural appropriateness
2. an ordinary get-together
FILIPINO INDIGENOUS RESEARCH METHODS

Approaches & Techniques

 Pakapa-kapa (‘groping,’ a field method)

 Pagtatanong-tanong (asking questions)
 Pakikiramdam (shared sensitivities)
 Pakikialam (concerned interference)
 Pakikilahok (participation)
 Pakikisangkot (integral involvement)
 Pagdalaw-dalaw (casual but repeated visits)
SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO RESEARCH APPROACHES AND
TECHNIQUES

 Pakapa-kapa
an approach characterized by groping, searching, probing into
an unsystematized mass of social and cultural data to be able to
obtain order, meaning, and directions for research.

Carmen E. Santiago (1975) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Teorya, metodo, at gamit. Rogelia R.

Pe-Pua (Ed.) (1989) UP Press

Amaryllis T. Torres in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Teorya, metodo, at gamit. Rogelia R. Pe-Pua

(Ed.) (1989) UP Press
SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO RESEARCH APPROACHES AND
TECHNIQUES

Pakapa-kapa
 implies an exploration into cultural, social or psychological
data without the chains of overriding theoretical framework
borrowed from observations outside the focus of
investigation.
 can be related to unobtrusive techniques because the actual
procedures for collecting information may range from
observation, documentation, intervention, participation.
SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO RESEARCH APPROACHES AND
TECHNIQUES

Panunuluyan approach

 interaction techniques, levels of relationship

mula paninimbang hanggang malalimang pakikipagpalagayang-
loob.

Erlinda Nicdao-Henson (1977) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Teorya, metodo, at gamit. Rogelia R. Pe-Pua
(Ed.) (1989). UP Press: QC.

Josefina B. San Juan & Resurrecion Soriaga (1985) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Isyu, pananaw, at
kaalaman. Allen Aganon & Ma. Assumpta David (Ed.) (1985) National Bookstore Inc.: Manila.
SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO RESEARCH APPROACHES AND
TECHNIQUES

Panunuluyan approach

 Panunuluyan: ang kontekstong pisikal at teknolohikal.

 Pakikipagkapwa: ang batayang panlipunan ng

pakikipanuluyan.
SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO RESEARCH APPROACHES AND
TECHNIQUES

Panunuluyan approach

 Makataong pakikipag-ugnayan: pagdalaw, paninirahan, pananahanan,

pakikisuno.

 Pakikibagay: pakikitulog at pakikikain.

 Pakikiramdam at paninimbang: paraan at batayan ng pakikipagpalagayang-

loob.
SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO RESEARCH APPROACHES AND
TECHNIQUES

Panunuluyan approach

 Pakikiramdam, paggamit ng damdamin, mata at pandinig

upang maintindihan o mabasa ang ibig ipahiwatig ng
kausap na ipinahahayag sa pamamagitan ng kilos, parinig at
matalinhagang salita (talas ng pakiramdam).
SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO RESEARCH APPROACHES AND
TECHNIQUES

Panunuluyan approach

 Pakikiramdam could serve as a personality disposition, as a situational

behavior, as a coping mechanism; closely related to many general
psychological concepts such as empathy and sensitivity.

Rita Mataragnon (1982) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Isyu, pananaw, at kaalaman. Allen Aganon
and Ma. Assumpta David (Ed.) (1985). National Bookstore Inc.: Manila
SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO RESEARCH APPROACHES AND
TECHNIQUES

Panunuluyan approach

 Paninimbang: damdamin at isipan (sentido komon)

ang pinaiiral dito at anuman ang namasid, nadama,
o napakiramdaman ay aangkupan ng tugong-kilos,
subalit iniisip ang kahalagahan at kabutihang
maidudulot ng katugunang ito (pagtutumbas).
SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO RESEARCH APPROACHES AND
TECHNIQUES

Panunuluyan approach

 Pamamaraan
panimulang pagsasanay
paglalakbay at pakikisuno
paghimpil sa pook
pagtingin-tingin sa maaaring panuluyan
paghanap ng tulay
pagdalaw sa pakikipanuluyan
SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO RESEARCH APPROACHES AND
TECHNIQUES

Panunuluyan approach
 Pagsasakatuparan
pagbati at pagpapakilala
pag-aayos ng mga dala-dalahan
pakikipagpalagayan
pagtulong-tulong
pagpalit-palitang paggamit ng mga metodo
paggawa ng pananaliksik
pamamaalam at pasasalamat
SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO RESEARCH APPROACHES AND
TECHNIQUES

Panunuluyan approach
 Suliraning etikal
pagsasabi ng layunin ng pananaliksik
pagkasangkapan sa pagkakaibigan
pagsasabi sa kinalabasan ng pananaliksik
paghingi ng pahintulot
pagtanaw ng utang na loob/pamemerwisyo
pagbubunyag ng natuklasang katiwalian
SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO RESEARCH APPROACHES AND
TECHNIQUES

Pagtatanong-tanong Method

 Pagtatanong-tanong, Filipino word for “asking questions,” the

repetition of ‘tanong’ to ‘tanong-tanong’ indicates seriousness of
purpose, one is truly determined to get answers to ones questions.

 Rogelia R. Pe-Pua (1989). International Journal of Intercultural Relations, Vol. 13, pp 147-163.
Pergamon Press: USA
SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO RESEARCH APPROACHES AND
TECHNIQUES

Pagtatanong-tanong Method
Major Characteristics
 Participatory in nature
 Equality of status
 Appropriate and adaptive
 Integrated with other indigenous methods
SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO RESEARCH APPROACHES AND
TECHNIQUES

Pagtatanong-tanong Method

 Preparation: pagtatanong-tanong is part of everyday casual

interaction, researcher must plan very well for certain
conditions, consider convenience and comfort of
informants, their language, norms, values, and background
(history, within/between group differences, activities,
policies).
SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO RESEARCH APPROACHES AND
TECHNIQUES

Procedure of pagtatanong-tanong

1. Get to know the people, place, lifestyle

2. Greet informants, give credentials (name the go-between)
3. Go tell them the purpose of the study
4. Give an estimate of the expected length of the session
5. Guide questions are used when necessary
6. Goodbye and thank you is not abrupt
SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO RESEARCH APPROACHES AND
TECHNIQUES

Principles of pagtatanong-tanong

The level of the relationship that exists between the researcher and
the informant significantly influences the quality of data obtained
(Santiago-Enriquez Model).

The language of the respondent is used in the conduct of

pagtatanong-tanong.
SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO RESEARCH APPROACHES AND
TECHNIQUES

Principles of pagtatanong-tanong

The use of pakikiramdam as ‘feeling for another’ (cultural

sensitivity), through this the researcher knows when to ask or
avoid questions, interprets a ‘yes’ for a ‘no’.

The equality of status is maintained, as it is a dialogue

(informant is a kausap or person spoken with) not an interview.
SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO RESEARCH APPROACHES AND
TECHNIQUES

Principles of pagtatanong-tanong

The issue of reliability: consistency of response can be

checked by repeating the question in a different way.

The problem of investigator bias and data contamination

can be solved by having more than one person do the
pagtatanong-tanong.
SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO RESEARCH APPROACHES AND
TECHNIQUES

Principles of pagtatanong-tanong

Repeated sampling from as many informants as possible

can produce commonalities of lexical domain which can
then constitute a ‘construct.’

Familiarity with the language, values, cultural norms,

will optimize accuracy and relevance of interpretations.
SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO RESEARCH APPROACHES AND
TECHNIQUES

Pakikipagkwentuhan Method

Kuwentuhan is an occasion for exchange of information,

ideas, insights, and opinions also it is a sharing of beliefs,
thoughts, and experiences.

Roberto E. Javier Jr. (2004). Methodological Properties of Pakikipagkwentuhan. DLSU-URCO

Research Project Report.
SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO RESEARCH APPROACHES AND
TECHNIQUES

Pakikipagkwentuhan Method

Oral (pasalita)
Written (pasulat)

Transmitted (pasalin-salin) through time

Request (paki – paghingi ng pahintulot)

SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO RESEARCH APPROACHES AND
TECHNIQUES

Pakikipagkwentuhan Method

Pakikipagkwentuhan is an informal, free, as well as a social

process of exchanging information, thoughts, and knowledge
that is part of human daily activities.

Grace O. Oteza (1997). Pakikipagkwentuhan: Isang pamamaraan ng sama-samang pananaliksik,

pagpapatotoo, at pagtulong sa Sikolohiyang Pilipino. PPRTH Occasional Papers Series 1997, No. 1.
SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO RESEARCH APPROACHES AND
TECHNIQUES

Procedure of pakikipagkwentuhan

 initially make visits (padalaw-dalaw) before living-in the

community (panunuluyan)
 introduce yourself to the community
 invite yourself to community gatherings
 initiate a conversation when in a natural cluster
 invest time in story sharing sessions
SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO RESEARCH APPROACHES AND
TECHNIQUES

 Principles of pakikipagkwentuhan

may pakikipagkapwa sa kwentuhan

may ‘paki’ ang kalahok sa kwento
may pakinabang sa kwentuhan
libangan
linangan ng kaalaman
lunas sa karamdaman
SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO RESEARCH APPROACHES AND
TECHNIQUES

 Principles of pakikipagkwentuhan

collective orientation
(pananaliksik na sama-sama)
contains the process of validation
(pagpapatotoo)
construction of social reality (pagbubuo)
cluster as unit of analysis
(pagsali sa likas na umpukan)
SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO RESEARCH APPROACHES AND
TECHNIQUES

 Principles of pakikipagkwentuhan

with a topic to talk about but without a theme

(may pakay pero walang paksa)

worth or value of story produced from the kwentuhan session

(kwenta ng kwento)
SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO RESEARCH APPROACHES AND
TECHNIQUES

 Principles of pakikipagkwentuhan

Validity: trustworthiness not truth

(mapagkakatiwalaan kaysa makatotohanan)

Reliability: certification not consistency

(process of pakikipagkwentuhan-indicator)
(pagpapatotoo, pagpapatibay)
  Ginabayang Talakayan Method

SIKOLOHIYANG
PILIPINO collective discussion technique
RESEARCH ‘sama-sama’ orientation
APPROACHES
AND
Roberto Galvez
TECHNIQUES