QUENAVER ACABO RN/

MARICRIS BUSTAMANTE
Diabetes – describes a group of
diseases caused by high blood sugar
(blood glucose) levels. There are two
main causes for increased blood
sugar levels: the inability to produce
enough insulin (the hormone involved
in breakdown of carbohydrates and
fats to release energy) or the inability
of the cells to utilize the available
insulin.
 Type1 diabetes: Patients are unable to produce the insulin and
hence will require an external source of insulin.

 Type 2 diabetes: Patients are unable to produce insulin or use

the insulin produce or use the insulin produced by the cells

 Gestational diabetes: Seen in pregnant women.

 The causes of diabetes are not known.
The following risk factors may increase
your chance of getting diabetes:
 Family history of diabetes
 African-American, Hispanic, Native
American, or Asian-American race,
Pacific Islander or ethnic background
 Being overweight
 Physical stress (such as surgery or illness)
 Use of certain medications, including steroids
 Injury to the pancreas (such as infection, tumor, surgery or
accident)
 Autoimmune disease
 High blood pressure
 Abnormal blood cholesterol
 Age (risk increases with age)
 Smoking
 History of gestational diabetes
 It is important to note that sugar itself does not cause
diabetes. Eating a lot of sugar can lead to tooth decay, but
it does not cause diabetes.
 Fasting Glucose Test

 Normal: Less than 100

 Pre-diabetes: 100-125

 Diabetes: 126 or higher

 Random (anytime) Glucose Test

 Normal: Less than 140

 Pre-diabetes: 140-199

 Diabetes: 200 or higher

 A1c Test

 Normal: Less than 5.7%

 Pre-diabetes: 5.7 - 6.4%

 Diabetes: 6.5% or higher

 Retinopathy(eye disease)

 Nephropathy (kidney disease)

 Neuropathy (nerve disease)

 Dental problems

 High blood pressure

 Heart attacks and strokes

 Sexual health problems

 There is no cure for diabetes, but it can be treated and

controlled. The goals of managing diabetes are to:

 Keep your blood glucose levels as near to normal as possible by

balancing food intake with medication and activity.

 Maintain your blood cholesterol and triglyceride (lipid) levels as

near the normal ranges as possible.

 Control your blood pressure. Your blood pressure should not go

over 140/90.

 Decrease or possibly prevent the development of diabetes-

related health problems.

 Planning what you eat and following a balanced meal
plan

 Exercising regularly

 Taking medication, if prescribed, and closely

following the guidelines on how and when to take it

 Monitoring your blood glucose and blood pressure

levels at home