CRITICAL SOCIAL

SCIENCE
• FEMINIST THEORY
• MARXISM
• PSYCHOANALYSIS
• HUMAN-ENVIRONMENT
SYSTEMS
• Is an analytical method of
investigation that attempts to expose
surface illusions to uncover the real
structures in the material world in
order to help people understand their
situation and then transform the world
for the better.

CRITICAL SOCIAL SCIENCE

• In other words, it aims to uncover
surface reality in order to expose
underlying structures so that people
may improve the society to which
they belong.
• Aims to evaluate and alter social
relations.

CRITICAL SOCIAL SCIENCE

 FEMINIST
THEORY

Critical MARXISM

Social
PSYCHOANALYSIS
Science
HUMAN-
ENVIRONMENT
SYSTEMS
• Is the radical notion that women are
people.
• It means that in society, women have
traditionally been treated as
subordinate to mean, and that
feminism can help in granting women
their rightful status in society.

FEMINIST
• Aims to eliminate gender inequality
by analyzing the status of men and
women in society.
• Is still considered by some as being in
the developmental stage compared to
other theoretical approaches in social
sciences.

FEMINIST THEORY
• Women have been fighting for their
rights to achieve equal status with
mean as early as the 19th century.

HISTORICAL CONTEXT
• Characterized by initiatives taken by
women to fight for women suffrage or
the right to vote and to be educated, as
well as labor rights and other
privileges.

FIRST WAVE FEMINISM

• The 1960s saw the emergence of
second wave feminism which was
characterized by the so-called
women’s liberation.
• In this period, feminists realized that
the gains of the first wave feminism
were not enough to solve the problem
of women’s oppression.

SECOND WAVE FEMINISM

• The goal of second wave feminist was
women’s liberation and not merely
political emancipation.

SECOND WAVE FEMINISM

• The Feminine Mystique was considered an
important work for this period because it
tackled the issue of what Friedan called the
“the problem with no name” or the sense
of not being able to do something for
themselves and not having a sense-
fulfillment which kept women from truly
enjoying their womanhood because they
continued to remain oppressed.

BETTY FRIEDAN
• Is said to be primarily based on
gender ideology or attitudes regarding
to the appropriate roles, rights, and
responsibilities of men and women in
society.

WOMEN’S OPPRESSION
• LIBERAL FEMINISM
• SOCIALIST FEMINISM
• RADICAL FEMINISM

DOMINANT FEMINIST
THEORIES
• Is the oldest of all feminist theories,
dating back to the nineteenth century and
advocated for political and social rights
for women.
• It argues that women are rational like
men, they should given equal
opportunities with men like access to
education, the right to vote, and be
elected in public office.

LIBERAL FEMINISM
• Was born in the 20th century, which
served as a critique of Marxist
Feminism’s gender-blinded approach
to women’s subordination by
emphasizing that other factors such as
race, age, religions, ethnicity, and
disability need to be considered in
analyzing women’s oppression.

SOCIALIST FEMINISM
• Another feminist theory which
emerged in the 20th century.
• Is not rooted in any political ideology.
• It believes that women’s oppression is
the most basic feature of society and
all other forms of oppressions are only
secondary.

RADICAL FEMINISM
• SEX
• GENDER
• GENDER IDEOLOGY
• GENDER OPPRESSION

KEY CONCEPTS
• Refers to the biological differences
between males and females.

SEX
• Refers to the sociocultural attributes
associated with being a man and a
woman and the different roles that
society assigns to men and women.

GENDER
• Which refers to the attributes
regarding the suitable roles, rights,
and responsibilities of men and
women in society.
• Traditional Gender Ideology-
emphasize the value of unique role of
men and women.

GENDER IDEOLOGY
• Or the unequal treatment or
perceptions of individuals based on
their gender.

GENDER INEQUALITY
• Or the manner in which certain groups
are privileged or disadvantage
because of gender.

GENDER OPPRESSION
• Its recognition that social science
research in the past was
predominantly conducted by men and
focused on men; hence analyses made
were not inclusive for women.
• Tries to give equal emphasis on men
and women in dealing with and
solving social issues, particularly
gender inequalities.

STRENGTHS
• It claims that feminists tend to be too
disapproving of the gender roles
women play in society, to the point
that they already look down on these
roles (such as radical feminist view
that motherhood is forced labor.
• Feminist theory is seen by some
critics as being too focused on
women.

CRITICISMS
• Refers to the political and economic
theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich
Engles in which the concept of class
struggle plays an important role in
abolishing class oppression.
• Center to Marxism is the idea of
historical materialism.

MARXISM
• Marx believed that consciousness is
shaped by the material or economic
environment; hence history is a
product of material circumstances.
• One of the theoretical approaches in
social science that is associated with
conflict theory, or the view that
society is divided into social classes
which are always in conflict with one
another.
MARXISM
• It analyzes how society functions to
serve the powerful class and
disadvantage the other.
• It views social order as being a
product of coercion and power being
exercised by the powerful group to
disadvantaged group.

MARXISM
• Marxism as a political ideology only
came into existence after Marx’s death
in 1883 and was primarily the product
of the attempt by Engles and other
followers of Marx to condense Marx’s
ideas into a comprehensive
worldview.

HISTORICAL CONTEXT
• CLASSICAL MARXISM
• ORTHODOX MARXISM
• NEO-MARXISM/MODERN
MARXISM

TYPES OF MARXISM
• Refers to a philosophy of history that
explains why socialism is meant to
take the place of capitalism (Andrew
Heywood, 2007).
• Marx was able to explain how society
evolved from primitive communalism
to capitalism, and how it has to pass
through socialism before reaching the
final stage of communism.

CLASSICAL MARXISM
• Another form of Marxism which
emerged during the 20th century.
• This was kind of communism that was
characterized by the Russian
Revolution staged by the Bolshevik
party led by Vladimir Lenin in 1917.

ORTHODOX MARXISM
• This brand of communism became
known as Marxism-Leninism and
differed in some ways from the ideas
of Karl Marx and Engles in terms of
giving greater attention to issues such
as political and economic
management as well as organization.

ORTHODOX MARXISM
• Rejects determinism and emphasizes
the importance of economics and the
privileged status of the proletariat.
• Neo-Marxists rejected the idea that
class struggle in the beginning and the
end of class analysis.
• They also rejected orthodox
communism.

MODERN/NEO-MARXISM
• Primitive Communism or hunting and
gathering society where there was no
concept of ownership and everything
was communal but conflict was
determined by material scarcity.
• Slavery which characterized ancient
societies where the source of conflict
was between master and slave.

Four Stages of Society

• Feudalism where the source of
conflict was between the landowners
and serfs.
• Capitalism where the source of
conflict was between the bourgeoisie
and the ploretariat.

Four Stages of Society

• Alienation
• Surplus Value
• False Consciousness
• Praxis

Important Concepts
• It means separation from one’s true or
necessary nature, and the idea was
used by Marxists to describe the
process by which labor is reduced to
being a mere commodity under
capitalism.

ALIENATION
• The value extracted from the labor of
the proletariat by the mechanism of
capitalist exploitation.
• Through capitalism, the bourgeoisie
was able to exploit the proletariat by
paying them less than the value of
their labor in order to produce profit.

SURPLUS VALUE
• The process by which a theory is
enacted or realized by critically
accessing the world and change
society based on the worker’s own
class interests, rather than accepting
the ideology of capitalist class.

PRAXIS
• Views that conflicts in society are
caused by the battle over power to
control not only the resources but also
the norms and values of society.
• It offers a comprehensive analysis of
how the dominance and power of one
group over the other group helps
maintain social order.

STRENGHTS
• It is sometimes seen as focusing on the
negative, always-changing, and clashing
nature of society instead of focusing on
the positive aspects of society such as
defense of the status quo and how people
cooperate to create social order.
• It tends to emphasize conflict and social
change as opposed to harmony and social
stability.

CRITICISMS
• According to American
Psychoanalytic Association,
psychoanalysis can be described into
two ways; first, it is comprehensive
theory about human nature, drive,
actions, growth, and experience.
Second it refers to a method of
treatment for psychological problems
and challenges in living a successful
life.
PSYCHOANALYSIS
• Traces its roots to psychologist
Sigmund Freud, means “analysis of
the mind”.
• It came from the word psychoanalyse,
coined in French by Freud in 1861
from Latinized form of Greek psyche,
which means mental, plus German
analyse, from Greek analysis.

PSYCHOANALYSIS
• Psychoanalysis has been used as a
social science approach as early 20th
century and it is sometimes
considered as the only school of
psychology that paints a complete and
dynamic picture of personality.
• It liberates people by acquiring
consciousness of the unconscious.

PSYCHOANALYSIS
• Psychoanalysis began with Sigmund
Freud when he broadened his practice
from medicine to psychiatry in 1882.
• He was influenced by Joseph Breuer,
who believed that a client with
psychological disorder can be helped
by simply talking about his or her
problem, also know as the “talking
cure”.

HISTORICAL CONTEXT
• OEDIPUS COMPLEX
• ELECTRA COMPLEX
• PENIS ENVY

THEORIES
• Refers to male child’s sexual feelings
for his mother as well as feelings of
jealousy and anger towards his father.
• The boy resolves his desire for his
mother through fear of castration from
his father.

OEDIPUS COMPLEX
• Refers to a girl’s feelings of desire for
his father and jealousy of her mother.

ELECTRA COMPLEX
• Is the female counterpart to Freud’s
castration complex.
• It refers to a girl’s distancing herself
from her mother and devoting
attention to her father after realizing
that she has no penis, concluding that
she is in a disadvantageous position,
blaming her mother for her
misfortune.
PENIS ENVY
• Serves as the original system of the
personality.
• It is considered as the pool of psychic
energy from which the energy from the
ego and superego emerge.
• It is referred to as the self-gratifying
branch of the personality in that it is
driven by the pleasure principle, which
attempts to reduce tension by
satisfaction of sexual and aggressive
impulses.

ID
• Is referred to as the decision-making
branch of the personality.
• It is ruled by the reality principle in
that it attempts to exert a sensible
influence over the Id and Superego.

EGO
• Is referred to as the discriminating
branch of the personality in the sense
that it is concerned with moralistic
issues deciding what is right or wrong.
• According to Freud, the key to a
healthy personality is a balance
between the id, ego and superego.

SUPEREGO
• Parts of the unconscious mind (id and
superego) are in constant conflict with
conscious part of the mind (ego).
• It results to anxiety, which the ego
tries to resolve using defense
mechanisms, which develop
unconsciously when the feels
threatened by an endopsychic conflict.

ENDOPSYCHIC CONFLICT
• Conscious- contains information that the
person is aware and can readily recover.
• Preconscious- refers to information that the
person is almost consciously aware but that
is just out of mental awareness.
• Unconscious- includes all information that
the person is not consciously aware of.

According to Freud
Techniques
Association
Dream Analysis

Confrontation and
Clarification

Interpretation
• Encourages the patient to discuss what
comes to mind in order to overcome
the patient’s tendencies to suppress or
censor information.

ASSOCIATION
• Analyze elements of dreams which
contained symbolic meaning.

DREAM ANALYSIS
• Feedback procedures to help the
patient become aware of what is
occurring and in need of further
analysis.

CONFRONTATION AND
CLARIFICATION
• Involves providing insight to the
patient regarding inner conflicts
reflected in resistance, transference,
etc.

INTERPRETATION
• Also know as Environmental Social
Science, sustainability science, and
coupled human and natural systems
research/coupled human and natural
system (CHANS).
• Refers to an integrated scientific agenda
for studying the border and mutual
interaction that link human to natural sub-
systems of the planet.
HUMAN-ENVIRONMENT
SYSTEMS
• As a social science approach stems
from the belief that environment
cannot be studied solely from the
perspective of scientists, fro
environment cannot be understood
without considering the
interconnectedness between human
and environment.
HUMAN-ENVIRONMENT
SYSTEMS
•A world-renowned social
anthropologist.
• It is a cross-disciplinary venture based
on the belief that social and natural
systems are inseparable.
• Cross-Disciplinary- involving two or
more disciplines.

EMILIO MORAN
• Research about global environment
change until 1988 was carried out by
earth science disciplines such as
meteorology, atmospheric chemistry,
atmospheric sciences, and geology.

HISTORICAL CONTEXT
• LANDSCAPE
• FEEDBACK MECHANISM
• SUSTAINABILITY

KEY CONCEPTS
• Is an important concept in the study of
coupled human-environment systems.
• It refers not only to the beautiful spot
that you view from a scenic
perspective but the mixture of
environmental and human phenomena
that coexist together in a specific
plane on earth.

LANDSCAPE
• It includes physical features such as
rivers, hills, forests, and soils as well
as human-made buildings, roads,
bridges, and mines.
• It refers to both non-human and
human phenomena, stressing the idea
that in reality it is impossible to
absolutely separate human from non-
human form.

LANDSCAPE
• Another important concept which
refers to the phenomenon of system
components both affecting each other
and which creates a feedback loop:
feedback is effect to a system
component that is a result of an action
done by that component.

FEEDBACK MECHANISM
• Positive Feedback – condition in
which carrying out an action causes
more performances of the action.
• Negative Feedback- a condition in
which carrying out an action causes
fewer performances of the action.

TWO TYPES OF FEEDBACK

• It refers to the ability of something to be
maintained. It is the capacity of a system
to maintain its health and continue in
existence over a period of time.
• Limits human goals and material
aspirations because it requires that
production does as little damage as
possible to the delicate global ecosystem

SUSTAINABILITY
CONCEPT MEANING

CARRYING The largest size that the

CAPACITY resources permit.

Ability of the system to

RESILIENCE return to its initial state
after disturbance.
Related to the
STABILITY disturbances a system
faces.