Endocrinology of reproduction

Reproductive System

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 Anatomy of Male
Reproductive System

• Testes • Supporting structures

• Series of ducts – Scrotum
• 2 chambered sac that
– Epididymides contains testes
– Ductus deferentia • Dartos and cremaster
– Urethra muscles help regulate
temperature
• Accessory glands – Penis
– Seminal vesicles • Perineum
– Prostate gland – Diamond-shaped areas
– Bulbourethral glands between thighs

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Male Pelvis

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 Testes
• Glands
• Descent
– Exocrine
– Pass from abdominal
– Endocrine
cavity through inguinal
• Compartments divided canal to scrotum
by septa • Cryptorchidism
– Seminiferous tubules – Failure of of one or
• Empty into rete testis both of testes to
• Empties into efferent descend into scrotum
ductules
– Prevents normal sperm
– Interstitial or Leydig development
cells

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Histology of Testis

28-5
Descent of Testes

28-6
 Sperm Cell Development
• Spermatozoa produced • Secondary spermatocytes
in seminiferous tubules (second division of
• Spermatogonia divide meiosis) divide to form
(mitosis) to form spermatids
primary spermatocytes • Spermatids develop an
• Primary spermatocytes acrosome and flagellum
(first division of • Sertoli cells nourish
meiosis) divide to form sperm cells and form a
secondary spermatocytes blood-testis barrier and
produce hormones

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Spermatogenesis

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Meiosis

28-9
 Ducts
• Epididymis • Urethra
– Site of sperm cell – Extends from urinary
maturation bladder to distal end of
• Ductus deferens or vas penis
deferens – Passageway for urine
– Passes from and male reproductive
epididymis into fluids
abdominal cavity
– 3 parts
• Ejaculatory duct • Prostatic urethra
– Joining of ductus • Membranous urethra
deferens and seminal • Spongy or penile
vesicle urethra

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Male Reproductive Structures

28-11
 Penis

• Three columns of • Glans penis

erectile tissue that – Prepuce or foreskin
engorge with blood covers
– Corpora cavernosa (2) • Circumcision: Surgical
removal
– Corpus spongiosum (1)
• External urethra
orifice

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Penis

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 Accessory Glands
• Bulbourethral glands
– Contribute about 5% to
• Seminal vesicles semen
– Empty into ejaculatory • Secretions
duct – Semen
– Produce about 60% of • Composite of sperm
semen cells and secretions
– Emission
• Prostate gland • Discharge of semen into
– Produces about 30% of prostatic urethra
semen – Ejaculation
• Forceful expulsion of
semen from urethra

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Regulation of Sex Hormone
Secretion
• Hypothalamus releases
– GnRH or LHRH which
stimulates
• LH or ICSH to produce
testosterone
• FSH to stimulate sperm
cell formation
• Inhibin inhibits FSH
secretion from anterior
pituitary

28-15
 Puberty and Testosterone
• Puberty • Testosterone
– Age at which – Produced by interstitial
individuals become cells, adrenal cortex
capable of sexual and sustentacular cells
reproduction – Causes development of
• Before puberty small male sex organs in
amounts of testosterone embryo, stimulates
inhibit GnRH release
descent of testes,
• During puberty
testosterone does not causes enlargement of
completely suppress genitals and necessary
GnRH release, resulting for sperm cell
in increased FSH,LH, formation
and testosterone
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 Male Sexual Behavior and
Male Sex Act

• Male sexual behavior

– Testosterone required to initiate and maintain
• Male sex act
– Complex series of reflexes that result in
erection of penis, secretion of mucus into
urethra, emission, ejaculation
– Sensations result in orgasm associated with
ejaculation and then resolution
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Neural Control of Erection
• Stimulation
– Tactile or
psychological
– Parasympathetic
• Erection due to
vasodilation of blood
vessels
– Sympathetic
• Causes erection,
emission, ejaculation
• Erectile Dysfunction

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 Anatomy of Female
Reproductive System

• Female reproductive organs

– Ovaries
– Uterine tubes
– Uterus
– Vagina
– External genital organs
– Mammary glands

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Female Pelvis

28-20
 Uterus, Vagina, Uterine Tubes,
Ovaries and Supporting Ligaments

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Ovary Histology

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Maturation of Follicle and Oocyte

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Maturation and Fertilization
of Oocyte

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 Follicle and Oocyte Development
• Oogenesis is the production
of a secondary oocyte in
ovaries
• Oogonia are cells from
which oocytes develop
• Primary oocytes are
surround by granulosa cells
and called a primordial
follicle
• Primordial follicle becomes
a primary follicle when
oocyte enlarges and cells
change
• Primary follicle becomes
secondary follicle and
enlarges to form mature or
graafian follicle
– Usually only one is ovulated,
others degenerate
• Primary oocyte completes
first meiotic division to
produce secondary oocyte
and a polar body
• Secondary oocyte begins
second meiotic division,
which stops in metaphase II
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 Ovulation and Follicle Fate

• Ovulation • Fate of the follicle

– Follicle swells and – Graafian follicle
ruptures, secondary become corpus luteum
oocyte is released from – If fertilization occurs,
ovary corpus luteum persists
– Second meiotic – If no fertilization,
division completed becomes corpus
when secondary oocyte albicans
unites with sperm cell
to form zygote

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 Uterine Tubes and Uterus

• Uterine or fallopian • Uterus

tubes or oviducts – Parts: Body, isthmus,
– Open directly into cervix
peritoneal cavity to – Composed of 3 layers
receive oocyte from • Perimetrium: Serous
ovary membrane
– Transport oocyte or • Myometrium: Smooth
muscle
zygote from ovary to
• Endometrium: Mucous
uterus membrane

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 Vagina and Perineum
• Perineum
• Vagina – Divided into two
triangles
– Female organ of
• Urogenital: Contains
copulation the external genitalia
– Allows menstrual flow • Anal triangle
and childbirth
• Clinical perineum
– Hymen covers the
– Region between
vaginal opening or
vagina and anus
orifice
– Episiotomy: Incision to
prevent tearing during
childbirth
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Female External Genitalia
• Vulva or pudendum or
external female genitalia
– Vestibule: Space
• Labia minora: Form
borders on sides
• Clitoris: Erectile
structure
– Corpora cavernosa
– Corpora spongiosa
– Labia majora
• Unite to form mons
pubis

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Female Perineum

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Mammary Glands

• Organs of milk
production located
within mammae or
breasts
– Consist of glandular
lobes and adipose
tissue
– Cooper’s ligaments
support the breasts

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 Puberty and Menstrual Cycle
• Menstrual Cycle
– About 28 days long
• Puberty – Phases
– Begins with menarche • Menses
or first episode of • Proliferative phase
menstrual bleeding
• Secretory phase
– Begins when GnRH • Menses
levels increase
– Amenorrhea: Absence
of a menstrual cycle
– Menopause: Cessation
of menstrual cycles

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Menstrual Cycle

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Hormone Regulation during
Menstrual Cycle

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 Female Sexual Behavior
and Sex Act
• Female sex act
• Female sexual behavior
– Depends on hormones
• Androgens and steroids
– Depends on
psychological factors
– Parasympathetic
stimulation
• Blood engorgement in
clitoris and around vaginal
opening
• Erect nipples
• Mucouslike fluid extruded
into vagina and through
wall
– Orgasm not necessary
for fertilization to occur
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 Female Fertility and Pregnancy

• Female fertility • Pregnancy

– Oocyte can be
– Sperm ejaculated into
fertilized up to 24
vagina during hours after ovulation
copulation and
– Sperm cells can be
transported through viable for up to 6 days
cervix and uterine in female tract
tubes to ampulla – Ectopic pregnancy:
– Sperm cells undergo Implantation occurs
capacitation anywhere other than
uterine cavity

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Sperm Cell Movement

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Changes in Hormones During
Pregnancy

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 Control of Pregnancy
• Behavioral methods • Lactation
– Abstinence • Chemical methods
– Coitus interruptus – Oral contraceptives
– Rhythm method – Injections as Depo-
Provera
• Barrier methods
– Implants
– Condom
– Morning-after pills
• Male and female
– Diaphragm • Surgical methods
– Cervical cap – Vasectomy
– Spermicidal agents – Tubal ligation
– Abortions
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 Effects of Aging
• Male
– Decrease in size and • Female
weight of testes
– Decrease in sperm
production
– Prostate gland enlarges
and increase in cancer
– Impotence is age-
related
– Decrease in sexual
activity
– Menopause
– Decrease in size of
uterus and vaginal wall
thins
– Age related increase in
breast, uterine, ovarian
cancer
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